RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 9 Secondary Occupations

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 9 Secondary Occupations

Introduction :

Human occupations have been divided into four parts : Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
All these are related to the realisation and utilisation of regional resources.
All those actions are called secondary occupations under which activities related to refining natural resources, changing their appearance and making them more useful for living are accomplished.
Different types of industries are included in secondary business.

Manufacturing Industry :

The meaning of manufacturing industry is to convert the raw-materials obtained from primary activities with the help of tools operated by physical or mechanical strength, to be transformed by pre-determined and controlled processes into any desired form, shape or with special properties.
Manufacturing Industry includes even small-scale unit’s simple objects-like pottery as well as a large scale industry making large objects like heavy machines.
The materials used in manufacturing industry are called raw materials.
The development of manufacturing industry is a measurement scale of the prosperity of the country.
Factors Affecting Location of Industries
Factors affecting location of an industry are raw-material, modes of power, modes of transportation and communication, availability of market, skilled and un-skilled workers, capital, water supply, climate, availability of high technology, government – policy, etc.
Heavy industries are mostly located near the sources of raw materials.
Many industries like ore-processing are established beside water sources.

Classification of Manufacturing Industries :

The manufacturing industries are classified on the basis of their size, raw materials used products and ownership.
On the basis of size, industries are classified as cottage industries and large – scale industries.
The cottage industries are operated by the family members and they need local raw materials, lesser capital and very ordinary tools.
A large – scale industry requires special type of raw-materials, large capital, skilled labour and a different type of organising body, etc.
Industries based on raw – material are divided into agro – based industries, mineral – based industries, chemical-based industries, forest produce – based industries and animal – based industries.
The industries based on ownership are divided into three categories – public sector, private sector and joint sector industries.

Iron and Steel Industry :

Iron and steel industry is the backbone of all-round development of an economy.
It is also known as the cornerstone of modem industrial age.
Three methods-Bessemer, free furnace method and electric furnace method are used in modem iron and steel industry.
Conventionally, the heavy steel industry was located near raw-materials sources where iron ore, coal, manganese and limestone are readily available, so that transport costs may be minimised.

World-Distribution of Iron and Steel Industry :

China, USA, Japan, Russia and Germany are the major producers of iron and steel in the world.
China is the largest steel producing country. The major steel-producing areas in China are Manchuria, North China region, Yangtese valley area, etc.
Japan is the second biggest steel producing country. Here, Nagasaki – Yavataw, Kobe – Osaka, Tokyo – Yakohama and Muroran are famous steel – producing centres.
United States of America has been the world’s largest producer and consumer of steel for over a decade due to its resources. Pittsburg-Youngstown, Chicago – Gary, Erie lake, Middle Atlantic, Alabama and Western regions are major steel-producing areas.
Russia is the world’s fourth largest steel producing country. Ural region, Kuznetsk region and Intermediate Russian area are its main centres.
Besides the above mentioned countries, Germany, Ukraine, India and United Kingdom are also important steel-producing countries.

Textile Industry :

After food, the main requirement of humans is cloth.
Textile industry was started in the form of cottage industry during industrial revolution in Great Britain.
Textile Industry includes cotton textile, woollen textile and silk textile industries and also jute industry. As a cotton-textile-industrial country, India stands second after China.
Cotton textile industry is being shifted to less developed or developing countries from developed countries due to availability of cheap labour.

Woollen Industry :

Woollen textile industry is the second largest industry after cotton textile in the world.
The rapid development of the woollen textile industry occurred in England during the 17th century.
The ease and convenience of the market and raw-materials are the most important in the location of the woollen textile.
Two-third of woollen textile industry of the world is centered in Europe.
Russia, China, Japan, Germany, India, USA, Romania, Polland, Great Britain, etc. are the major countries of woollen textile industry.

Silk Textile Industry :

Silk textile industry was developed as the first cottage industry in China.
There are three phases of silk production : (i) production of crops, wrap silk thread from coops and weaving of silk garments.
Main silk producing countries in the world are Japan, China, Russia and India respectively.
Nearly 85 per cent of world’s raw silk is produced in the countries of East-Asia, while these countries make-up 35 per cent of world’s silk garments.
Japan, USA, France, China, Taiwan, Germany, England and India are major silk garment producing countries.
Most of silk garments are produced in Pennsylvania of America. Peterson city of America . is also known as the silk-city in the world.

Jute Industry :

Jute industry is related to the production of sack, jute – cloth and thick mats.
India and Bangladesh are the pioneers in jute agriculture, where it is cultivated in Brahmaputra valley and Delta region of the Ganges.
Besides, the industry is developed in Germany,Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, Japan, Canada, USA, China, Thailand, etc.
India and Bangladesh are the important exporters of Jute-related products.

Glossary :

Secondary Activities : The secondary economic activities include all activities that make natural resources more useful, by changing their form. All industries are secondary economic activity of man.
Resources : A resource is any physical material constituting part of Earth that people need and value. All natural materials become resources when humans value them. Some resources are definite, while others can be replenished at varying rates.
Manufacturing Industry : Manufacturing industry refers to any business that transforms raw-materials into finished or semi-finished goods using machines tools and labour. Manufacturing sectors include production of food, chemicals, textiles, machines and equipments.
National Income : The total net value of all goods and services produced within a nation over a specified period of time, representing the sum total of wages, profits, rents, interest and pension payment to residents of the country.
Raw-material : A raw material, also known as a feedback Or feedstock or most correctiy unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.
Agriculture : A process in which crops of grains, pulses etc. are cultivated is called agriculture.
Transportation : An act, instance, or means of carrying people or goods from one place to another place or being carried from one place to another place.
Valley : A long, narrow region of lowland between ranges of mountains, hills or other high areas, often having a river or stream running along the bottom. Valleys are mostly formed through the erosion of land by rivers or glaciers.
Communication : An act or process of using words, sounds, signs or behaviours to express or exchange information or to express ideas, thoughts, feeling, etc. to someone or a message that is given to someone, like a letter, telephone call, etc.
Internet : The global communication network that allows almost all computers worldwide to connect and exchange information is called Internet.
Climate : The composite or generally prevailing weather conditions of a region, as temperature, air-pressure, humidity, precipitation, sunshine, cloudiness and winds, throughout the year, averaged over a series of years.
Pollution : The act or process of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially the contamination of soil, water or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances. Something that pollutes, a pollutant or group of pollutants.
Conservation : The protection of plants and animals, natural areas and interesting and important structures and buildings especially from the damaging effects of human activity.
Environment : The sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage.
Cottage Industries : An industry whose labour force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their simple equipments and a very small capital. It is a small and often informally organised industry.
Small-scale Industry : Small-scale industries are the industrial undertakings having fixed investment in a plant, semi-skilled labour and power operated machines. They also depend on local raw-materials, and may be held on ownership basis or lease basis or hire purchase basis of a value not exceeding ? 1 crore.
Population : The whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or a region.
Import : Imports are foreign goods and services bought by residents of a country. If they are produced in a foreign country and sold to domestic residents, they are imports.
Export : Exports are the goods and services produced in one country apd sold to citizens of another country.
Minerals : Naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal structure. Most of the minerals are of crystalline nature.
Metallic Minerals : Minerals with a high specific gravity and metallic lustre, such as iron, gold, uranium, etc. All the minerals Eire good conductors of heat and electricity and have great importance.
Non-Metallic Minerals : The non – metallic minerals lack properties of metallic minerals such ELS a bright metallic lustre, hardness, and density. Stone, carbon, gypsum, etc. are some examples.
Ore : An ore is a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock.
Industries of Public Sectors : The industries of public sectors is that portion of an economic system that is controlled by national, state or provincial and local governments. Governments routinely hire private coorporations to provide goods and services for the public sector in a practice known as outsourcing.
Private Sector : The private sector is the part of a country’s economic system that is run by individuals and companies rather than the government. Most private sector organisations run with the intention of making profit.
Joint Sector Industries : Joint sector industries are owned jointiy by the government and private individuals who have contributed to the capital. It provides a mixed economy which is the combination of both capitalism and socialism.
Base Industries : The part of economy of a country or region that is involved in producing goods in large quantities in factories.
Second World War : The second world war was fought among many countries from 1939 to 1945. Mainly the fighting nations were in two groups. The axis group headed by Rome Berlin and Tokyo versus the Allies powers haded by Britain, America and Russia.
Industrial Revolution : The industrial revolution was a period of major industrialisation that-took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. This time period saw the mechanisation of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in power, including steam ships and rail roads that effected social, cultured and economic conditions.
Ocean : An ocean is a large area of saline water between continents. Oceans are very big and they join smaller seas together.
Market : A market is defined as the sum total of all the buyers and sellers in the area or region under consideration, states or cities.
Island : An island is a piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, coves or keys.
Lake : A lake is an area filled with water, localised in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.
Primary Activities : The activities which are directly related to nature come under this. For Example primitive type agriculture, hunting, mining, gahering roots, tubers, fruit and wood from the forests, fishing, etc.
Tertiary Activities : Trade and commerce are regarded as teritary activities of mankind.
Fourth Activites or Quaternary Activities : A part from the above mentioned activities, other assistory activities are include in this activities. Insurance and banking services are included in this activities.