Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 The Constituent Assembly: Formation, Objectives and Functional System
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Textual Questions
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer type Questions
Question 1.
1. Match the following :
Answers:
1. (b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
2. (c) Ballabh Bhai Patel
3. (a) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
4. (d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the name of the only congress member in Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
The only congress member of drafting committee of Constituent Assembly was Dr.
K.M. Munshi.
Question 2.
Write down the results of the elections made for Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Results of the election of Constituent Assembly:
Elections for 296 members of British India were held in July-August 1946, through provincial legislature. This election was contested mainly on party basis. Indian National Congress won 208 seats, 73 seats were won by Muslim League and small parties.
The Princely States kept a distance from these elections. In the beginning all the reserved seats for princely states remained vacant. But in course of time, the representatives of these states were also chosen (nominated) and they joined the Constituent Assembly.
Question 3.
Name the members of Cabinet Mission.
Answer:
Members of Cabinet Mission:
The Cabinet Mission with three members in all came to India on March 23, 1946. The were
- Frederick Pa-thick Lawrence
- Sir Stafford Cripps
- A.V. Alexander.
Question 4.
On what bases were seats determined in the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
The determination of seats in Constituent Assembly was done on the following bases:
- Each province and princely state were to be allotted seats in proportion to their respective population. One seat was to be allotted for roughly every million population.
- Seats allocated to each British province were to be, divided among the three principal communities General, Muslims and Sikhs only in Punjab.
- The representatives of each community were to be elected by members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly by the method of Proportional Representation of Single Transferable Voting System.
- The representatives of princely states were nominated by the heads of the princely states?
Question 5.
Who presented the objective resolution, and when ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru presented the objective resolution on December 13, 1946 in the Constituent Assembly. In this resolution the profile of future Sovereign Democratic Republic of India was presented. The Resolution was passed on January 22, 1947. The major features of objective solution were making of constitution, formation of the Union of India, determination of the limitations of the Constitution, ensuring the public as the source of governance, establishing social, economic and political equality, ensuring proper arrangement of reservation and protection for minorities and backward classes, making the arrangement for sovereignty and contributing in global peace and human welfare, etc.
Question 6.
How many readings were there for the draft constitution?
Answer:
Overall three readings took place for the draft constitution:
1. The first reading:
The first reading of the constitution started on November 4, 1948 and ended on November 9, 1948 in the Constituent Assembly. Under it, several suggestions were exchanged for amendment. After its publication specific edition of draft of the constitution was published.
2. The second reading:
The second reading of the constitution started on November 15, 1948 which ended on October 17, 1949. There was comprehensive discussions over it and 7653 amendments were presented, out of which, 2473 were accepted for discussion.
3. Third reading:
In the constituent assembly third reading of the constitution started on November 14, 1949 which went on till November 26, 1949. And at last the Indian Constitution was passed in the Constituent Assembly.
Question 7.
Describe the importance of the preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The introduction given in the beginning of every constitution is a fundamental necessity. The introduction of the constitution expresses the fundamental philosophy of the constitution. The introduction also has its legal importance. The introduction of the Indian Constitution is called the preamble. The preamble of the constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purposes and principles of the document and it indicates the source from which the document receives authority.
It means the people are the ultimate source of Authority. The hopes and aspiration of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered as the soul of the constitution. The Indian public have ultimate sovereignty and authority and the people govern through their representatives.
In preamble, several ideals and pious goals are declared and it is expected with hope that the government is accountable for the fulfillment of these hopes. In this way, the preamble in indirect way hints directives to the Government and controls its function.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Write the names of members of drafting committee and describe its works.
Answer:
Members of drafting committee : The names of the members of drafting committee are –
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
- Alladi Krishinaswami Ayyar
- M. Gopal Swami Ayangar
- Saiyed Mohammad Sadullah
- Dr. K.M. Munshi (the only Congress member)
- T.T. Krishnamachari
- N. Madhavarao.
Works of Drafting Committee:
After passing a resolution, Drafting Committee was formed by the Constitution Assembly on August 19, 1947. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar was chosen its chair person, and the Drafting Committee was asigned with the responsibility to prepare the draft of the constitution. While deliberating upon the draft of the constitution, the assembly moved to discuss and dispose off as many as 2473 amendments out of a total
The Constituent Assembly:
of 7635 tabled. The Drafting Committee played an important role in the making of the constitution. The committee proposed the draft constitution and put it up before the Constituent Assembly on February 21, 1948. The report was read three times in the Constituent Assembly, which is given below:
1. First Reading:
The first reading of the report started on November 4, 1948 and continued upto November 1948. Many amendments in drafting report were suggested after the publication of the draft. Again a specific edition was then published.
2. Second Reading:
The second reading started on November 15 and continued upto October 17, 1949. During this period 7653 amendments were presented, out of which 2473 were accepted for discussion.
3. Third Reading:
The third reading of the constitution started on November 14, 1949 and continued upto November 26, 1949. The constitution was passed and declared on 26 November, 1949. At that time 284 members out of total 299, were present in the Central Hall of the Assembly.
The process of the making of the constitution took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to be completed. During this period, 11 sessions were held and total 114 days were spent over the discussions on the drafting of the constitution. During this period, the constitutions of 60 countries were scrutinized.
After a long discussion and amendments, when the draft of the constitution was presented in the constituent assembly on November 26, 1949. there were 365 sections and 8 schedules in it, but 15 sections of the constitution i.e. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 372, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 were passed and applied on the same day 26 November, 1949.
Remaining part of the constitution was applied on January 26, 1950, as Indian National Congress had demanded total independence on January 26, 1930 and the day of 26 January was celebrated as the independence day till the time India got independence. The last meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on January 24, 1950 and on that very day Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made the first President of Free India.
Question 2.
Mention main characteristics of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Characteristics of Indian Constitution:
Main characteristics of Indian Constitution are given below:
1. Constitution Based on Popular Sovereignty:
Indian constitution is based on the popular sovereignty, which means it is a constitution which is formed and adopted by the Indian people. The full and final power is given to the Indian people through this constitution. In the introduction of the constitution it has been clearly declared, “We the people of India with a firm determination adopt, enact and give to over-selves this Constitution in this Constituent Assembly on this day November 26, 1949.”
2. The largest Constitution of the World:
Among all written constitutions, Indian Constitution is the largest and most comprehensive. In the original constitution there were 395 sections and 8 schedules. After several constitutional amendments, there are 395 articles in 22 parts 12 schedules in it, while the number of articles in American Constitution is 7, in Canadian Constitution 147, Australia 128, South Africa 153 and in the Constitution of Switzerland there are 195 articles. At present in Indian Constitution, there are 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 100 amendments.
3. Sovereign Democratic Republic:
It has been declared in the Indian Constitution that India is totally independent in its internal as well external matters, i.e., it is a sovereign country. The sovereignty of the country is inherent in Indian people. The governance is of the public and so it is governed by the public.
The democratic system has been adopted here. India is a Democratic Republic country as the President does not come from heredity but is elected by Public for a limited time period, on the basis of proportional representation through single transferable voting system by an electoral college.
4. Written and created constitution:
Indian constitution is a written and created constitution like the constitution of America, Canada and Switzerland. Most of the parts of Indian Constitution are written and the customs and traditions have very less space. It was prepared by Constituent Assembly. It was prepared in a period of 2 years 11 months and 18 days.
5. Single Constitution for the entire Nation:
In federal governance system the center and the states have their independent constitutions. But Indian constitution is equally enacted and enforced over the center and the states.
6. Parliamentary Governance System:
Following the British model, the parliamentary government system forms the axis of entire Political System. The cabinet is responsible to legislature and parliament jointly and the president of the country is only a head of the country. The real executive power is vested in the prime minister and his cabinet is the real political power of the country.
7. Fundamental Rights and Duties:
In the part 3 of Indian constitution there is an arrangement of fundamental rights. These rights are essential for an all round development of the personality of the citizen. There was an arrangement of 7 fundamental rights of an Indian. They were
- Right to equality
- Right to freedom
- Right against exploitation
- Right to freedom of religion
- Cultural and educational right
- Right to constitutional remedies
- Right to property
This right to property is now not a fundamental right but a legal right. And so at present there are only six fundamental rights in Indian constitution. This was by 42nd amendment of the constitution. The judiciary is the guardian and protector of the our fundamental rights. In the 42nd constitutional amendment, eleven fundamental duties are added,
- Respect for the Indian constitution, national flag and the national anthem
- Respect for the noble ideals of the freedom struggle
- Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India
- Defend the country and render national service when called
- Promotion of common brotherhood among the people
- Preservation of the rich heritage of the nation and its composite culture
- Protection of natural environment and have compassion for living creature
- Development of scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform
- Safeguarding public property and avoid violence
- Strive for excellence in all individual and collective activity
- Duty for the parents to send their children to schools for education. Children of age group of 6 to 14 should attend school – this is a fundamental duty of every parent according constitutional amendment of 2002.
8. A mixture of unitary and federal elements:
The makers of Indian Constitution wanted to prepare such a constitution that might be capable in maintaining the unity of India. So there is a mixture of unitary and federal elements in Indian Constitution. There are Several provisions in the constitution that make union government more powerful than that of states.
9. Rigidity and flexibility:
The constitution of India is rigid in some parts. Some of its provisions can be amended in difficult way while others can be amended very easily.
There are two methods to amend the constitution:
(1) Most of the provisions of the constitution can be amended by the union parliament by passing an amendment bill by a majority of two-third majority of members present and voting in each of the two houses.
(2) For the amendment of some specific parts, a very rigid method has been provided. Under this, the amendment bill has to be passed by a majority of total membership of two third members present and voting in each house, and then it goes to the state legislature for ratification. The amendment gets passed only when it is approved by not less than half of the states of union.
Thus the constitution of India is partly rigid and partially flexible.
10. Establishment of socialist state:
Through 42nd amendment the word ‘socialist’ is used in the introduction of the constitution. The meaning of socialistic partially state is that there will be control of whole society over the means of production and distribution instead of a particular person or institution.
11. India is a secular state:
The word ‘secular’ ensures that India is neutral in matters of religion and people of all religions are alike in the eyes of the country. Through 42nd amendment of the constitution 1976, the word ‘secular’ is added in the preamble of the constitution. This makes it different from theocratic states like the Islamic republic of Pakistan or other Islamic countries. Further, Indian secularism guarantees equal freedom to all religions.
12. Directive Principles of State Policy:
The directive principles of state policy are also mentioned in the Indian Constitution. Under it, the centre and states governments have been advised to work for economic, social and cultural development of the people. Through these principles, an effort has been made to achieve the welfare form of the state.
13. Emergency powers:
The constitution vests extraordinary power, known as emergency power in the President those During emergency resulting out of armed rebellion or external aggression or due to failure of constitutional machinery in the state. These Emergency powers are mentioned in Articles 352, 356 and 360. The president uses this Emergency power with the advice of the cabinet of ministers headed by the prime minister.
14. Independent, fair and supreme Judiciary:
Indian constitution provides an independent, fair and supreme judiciary which ensures that the governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and acts as a guardian of the liberties and fundamental rights of the citizens. In India, the form of the judiciary is unique and the supreme court stands on the highest peak of justice.
15. Establishment of powerful center:
India is a developing country. Considering this, the constituent assembly has provide a powerful form to the center, so that the unity and integrity of India might be made secure and intact.
16. Fundamental Right to Adult voting:
Indian constitution ensures supreme power of governance to the Indian public. So every person without any distinction participates in the governance.
17. Provision of one national language:
India is a country of many languages. Through the constitution of India. Hindi, written in devanagari script, is declared as the national language. However, in India it is not treated as national language due to vested interests. In the schedule of Indian constitution, 22 regional languages are included.
18. President is the symbol of national unity:
In Indian constitution all executive powers are theoretically vested in president. He is made the symbol of national unity. The President of India is elected by the people indirectly.
19. Desire for global cooperation:
Indian Constitution wishes for international co-operation and peace in the world community. “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” is the main characteristic of our ancient culture. Therefore, in the schedule 51 of part four of constitution, international peace, security and cooperation is included.
Question 3.
Write the preamble of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The meaning of the preamble is, “The initially and introductory statement of a book, a speech, an essay or an epic”. In the beginning of every constitution there is an introduction in which the objectives and purposes of the constitution are mentioned. All the provisions of the constitution are incorporated in it.
The facts, principles and ideals that are mentioned in the introduction can be seen in the entire constitution. In Indian Constitution, the ideals, values and the aspirations of the constitution have been laid down clearly in the preamble. The introduction of Indian constitution is given below:
We, the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC. REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizen JUSTICE, Social, economic and political LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all fraternity assuring the diginity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation in our Constituent Assembly this twenty – sixty day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.
The preamble of Indian Constitution is based on the objective resolution drafted and presented by Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru on 13th December 1946 and passed by the Constituent Assembly. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which .gives a peek into the entire constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the constituent assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Multiple Choice Type Questions
Question 1.
According to the cabinet mission plan, the number of members in the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 389
(b) 390
(c) 380
(d) 385
Answer:
(a) 389
Question 2.
The Members in the cabinet mission were:
(a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 3
Question 3.
The number of seats allotted for princely states in the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 72
(b) 80
(c) 93
(d) 70
Answer:
(c) 93
Question 4.
When is Constitution Day celebrated ?
(a) on 26 November
(b) on 26 January
(c) on 27 November
(d) on 15 August
Answer:
(a) on 26 November
Question 5.
The chairperson of the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Sachchiddanand Sinha
(c) Jawahar Lai Nehru
(d) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
Answer:
(b) Sachchiddanand Sinha
Question 6.
The seats won by Congress in the election of the Constituent Assembly were:
(a) 208
(b) 220
(c) 270
(d) 216
Answer:
(a) 208
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Other Important Questions and Answers
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Objective Type Questions
Question 1.
The first glimpse of the Constituent Assembly is seen in the bill of which freedom fighter ?
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(b) Lala Lajpat Rai
(c) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Question 2.
The election of the Constituent Assembly was based on the:
(a) Simon commission report
(b) Cripps proposal
(c) Cabinet mission plan
(d) Mountbatten plan
Answer:
(c) Cabinet mission plan
Question 3.
The formation of the Constituent Assembly was done according to the cabinet mission plan on:
(a) November 1946
(b) December 1945
(c) January 1947
(d) August 1947
Answer:
(a) November 1946
Question 4.
According to cabinet plan the elections to the Constituent Assembly were held on:
(a) July 1946
(b) August 1948
(c) June 1946
(d) January 1950
Answer:
(c) June 1946
Question 5.
The members of the Constituent Assembly:
(a) Were nominated by Congress and Muslim league.
(b) Were elected by provincial legislature and nominated by princely states.
(c) Were elected by public directly
(d) All these
Answer:
(b) Were elected by provincial legislature and nominated by princely states.
Question 6.
Who headed the meetings of the Constituent Assembly
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) G.V. Mavalankar
(c) Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherji
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Question 7.
Who headed the meetings of legislature ?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Durgabai
(c) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(d) G.V. Mavalankar
Answer:
(d) G.V. Mavalankar
Question 8.
When was the objective resolution proposal of the constitution presented ?
(a) on January 22, 1947
(b) on December 13, 1946
(c) on December 22, 1946
(d) on January 26, 1950
Answer:
(b) on December 13, 1946
Question 9.
When was the objective resolution proposal of constitution passed ?
(a) on December 22, 1946
(b) on January 22, 1948
(c) on January 22, 1947
(d) on December 13, 1946
Answer:
(c) on January 22, 1947
Question 10.
The Constitution of India was adopted, enacted and self dedicated:
(a) on November 26, 1949
(b) on August 15, 1947
(c) on January 26, 1947
(d) on January 26, 1950
Answer:
(a) on November 26, 1949
Question 11.
The author of the book, “Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation” is:
(a) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(b) Granville Austin
(c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer:
(b) Granville Austin
Question 12.
The decision in Constitution taken unanimously was
(a) The Provision Related to Federal System
(b) The Provision Related to Language
(c) The Provision Regarding Parliament
(d) All these
Answer:
(d) All these
Question 13.
The first meeting of Constituent Assembly was held:
(a) on December 9, 1946
(b) on November 26, 1949
(c) on August 15, 1947
(d) on January 26, 1950
Answer:
(a) on December 9, 1946
Question 14.
The permanent chairman who was elected for the Constituent Assembly on December 11,1946 was:
(a) H.C. Mukherji
(b) Sachchidanand Sinha
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) Sir B.N. Rao
Answer:
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Question 15.
The number of members who participated in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) 211
(b) 289
(c) 289
(d) 299
Answer:
(a) 211
Question 16.
The vice – president of the Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Sir B.M. Rao
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) H.C. Mukherji
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) H.C. Mukherji
Question 17.
The legal advisor of the constituent Assembly was:
(a) Sir B.M. Rao
(b) Dr. B.R.Ambedkar
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
(d) Govind Ballabh Pant
Answer:
(a) Sir B.M. Rao
Question 18.
The Head of the Union Power was:
(a) Govind Ballabh Pant
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Answer:
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
Question 19.
The chairperson of Procedure Rule Committee was:
(a) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai
Answer:
(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad
Question 20.
The Head of the Drafting Committee of Constituent Assembly was:
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(d) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
Answer:
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Question 21.
Who is called as the maker of the Indian Constitution:
(a) Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Question 22.
The time spent in making the Indian Constitution was:
(a) 2 years
(b) 2 years 12 days
(c) 2 years 11 months 18 days
(d) 3 years 2 months 11 days
Answer:
(c) 2 years 11 months 18 days
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
When was the concept of making of Constitution in Self – Governance Bill of Bal Gangadhar Tilak presented for the very first time ?
Answer:
in 1895.
Question 2.
What did Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru say about the making of the Constituent Assembly in 1938 ?
Answer:
In 1938, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru said that the formation of Constituent Assembly would be done through Constituent Assembly by adult voting. And no external interference would be acceptable.
Question 3.
When did the British Government theoretically accept the proposal of formation of the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
In 1940. It is also known as August Proposal.
Question 4.
When did the Cabinet Mission come to India ?
Answer:
On March 24, 1946.
Question 5.
Name the plan under which the Constituent Assembly was formed ?
Answer:
Cabinet Mission Plan
Question 6.
According to Cabinet Mission Plan, how many seats were allotted to Princely States and to British India ?
Answer:
296 seats to British India and 93 to Princely states.
Question 7.
Name the two famous leaders who did not join the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.
Question 8.
Name any four members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
- Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
- Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
- Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
- Acharya J.B. Kriplani.
Question 9.
Name any two lady members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Srimati Durgabai, Srimati Sarojni Naidu.
Question 10.
Who headed the meetings of Legislature in Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
G.V. Mavalankar.
Question 11.
What do you understand by the term Socialism ?
Answer:
Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Question 12.
When was Objective Resolution Proposal presented ?
Answer:
On 13 December, 1946.
Question 13.
When was Objective Resolution Proposal accepted ?
Answer:
On January 22, 1947.
Question 14.
What do you understand by the term Sovereignty ?
Answer:
Sovereignty is an essential element of self governance. It means the right and power of taking decisions without any external or internal interference.
Question 15.
Write any two goals mentioned in the preamble of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
- India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic
- Enhancing Unity, Integrity and Fraternity.
Question 16.
Write the name of the Book written by Granville Austin.
Answer:
“Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation”.
Question 17.
Name any two subjects which were accepted on the basis of adjustment by Indian Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
- Federal and Unitary System
- The questions related to Fundamental Rights.
Question 18.
Through which principle was the question of joining Commonwealth solved in the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
Through the Principle of Adjustment.
Question 19.
What opinion was adopted to solve the question of Panchayat in the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
The Principle of Adjustment.
Question 20.
Name the subject in the constituent Assembly related to selection with an amendment.
Answer:
Amendment System.
Question 21.
Name any two ideals, established by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
- Sovereignty of the people and Independence of India
- Emphasis on national security and cultural pluralism.
Question 22.
Write any two characteristics of the system adopted by the Constituent Assembly to achieve the fixed ideals.
Answer:
- A Sovereign Democratic Republic
- Description of Rights and Freedoms.
Question 23.
When and where did the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly take place ?
Answer:
The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place in the Central Hall of present parliament house on December 9, 1946.
Question 24.
Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly. What did they want?
Answer:
They demanded a separate Pakistan. For this, Muslim League boycotted the Constituent Assembly. .
Question 25.
How many members were there in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
They were 211 in all.
Question 26.
Who was made a temporary President of the Constituent Assembly.
Or
Who was the interim chairperson of the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha.
Question 27.
Who was the permanent head of the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Question 28.
How many committees were formed in the Constituent Assembly, to execute different functions ?
Answer:
To execute different functions, 8 major committees and 15 minor Committees were formed.
Question 29.
Who was the head of Union Power Committee in the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.
Question 30.
Who was the Chairperson of the Union Constituent Committee ?
Answer:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the importance of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
The importance of the Constituent Assembly can be described as given below:
The greatest republic India was founded on November 26, 1946, by the present Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly. Most of the decisions were taken unanimously in the Constituent Assembly. It espouses unity, idealism and national cooperation. Several matters of the constitution were solved on the basis of adjustment theory.
The feelings and opinions of adjustment, co-ordination and harmony were seen during the meetings of the Constituent Assembly. Many disputes related to princely states, minorities and language were resolved cordially, and during discussions the feelings of unity and co-operation was shown. The opinions of the members were not traditional or customary or narrow but moderate and progressive. They adopted good things from sixty different constitutions of the world.
The Initialization of the select ideals and principles of the constitutions of other countries was done. The process of amendment in the Constituent Assembly was also unique. The Principles of Federalism and British Parliamentary Democracy were adopted. In this way it can be said that the Constituent Assembly made an Ideal, Democratic Constitution for India. This achievement of the Constituent Assembly is an example for the world.
Question 2.
What was the Cabinet Mission? Describe briefly.
Answer:
In Britain, the then Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, declared in the British Parliament on February 19, 1946 that a Mission of British Cabinet ministers would be sent to India, who would present its report on the conditions of Indians. Main goal of this Mission was to help India get its Independence as soon as possible. The members of this mission were secretary of British India, Lord Fredrick Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander.
The Cabinet Mission reached India on March 29, 1946 and they presented their report on May 16, 1946. Some of the provisions of that mission were about Federal System, Constituent Assembly, Transfer of Governance and several other related matters. The demand of Pakistan was refused by the Cabinet Mission. According to the proposals of Cabinet Mission, the Constituent Assembly was formed in November 1946.
Question 3.
Name important members of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Important members of the Constituent Assembly were – Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel, Dr, Bhim Rao Ambedkar, Gopal Swami Ayangar, K.M. Munshi, Pattabhi Sitaramaiya, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Srimati Durgabai, Thakurdas Bhargav, Dr. Shyama Prasad, Mukherji, P.K. Sen, Purushottam Das Tandon, Acharya J.B. Kriplani, Srimati Sarojni Naidu and Govind Ballabh Pant.
Question 4.
What changes did Indian independence act, 1947 make in the status of the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
Those princely states that had kept a distance from the Constituent Assembly, slowly but decisively started to join it and other changes which took place are given below:
1. The members of Muslim League from the region included in Pakistan, were separated from the Assembly and thus, the membership of Assembly was reduced to 299 from 389 in which 229 members were from British provinces and 70 were from Princely States.
2. For making the Constituent Assembly fully sovereign it was provided the rights to change the laws of the then British Government and the rights and powers for amending and rejecting them.
3. The Constituent Assembly was provided the Powers of Legislature also. The chairmanship of the Constituent Assembly was given to Dr. Rajendra Prasad and of the Legislature to G.V. Mavalankar. This Assembly kept on working till November 26, 1949.
Question 5.
What was the Objective Resolution Proposal ? Describe it briefly.
Or
What were the provisions of Objective Resolution Proposal ?
Answer:
Objective proposal: In the Constituent Assembly, the Resolution proposal for the formation of Constitution was called Objective Resolution Proposal. On December 13, 1946, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru presented this proposal before the Constituent Assembly in which, Sovereign and Democratic Republic form of India was presented. The proposal was passed on January 22,1947. The main provisions of objective resolution proposal were –
- Making of the Constitution of India
- Formation of a Federal Indian Union of states
- Determination of the limits of the constitution
- Declaring the people, the ultimate source of governance
- Establishing Social, Economic and Political Equality
- Providing security to minorities and backward classes, tribal communities and reservations to under-privileged classes,
- Defending sovereignty
- Contributing in World Peace and human welfare.
Question 6.
Describe the importance of Objective Resolution Proposal ?
Answer:
Importance of Objective Resolution Proposal:
According to the objective resolution proposal, presented by by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru, it was decided to make India as an independent, democratic and sovereign republic. The political, economic and social equality was in the republic. There would be freedom to form institutions and there would also be freedom to do trade and business.
There would be a freedom of speech, publication and also freedom of adopting any religion and faith. Absolute protection and reservation would be provided to minorities, under-privileged classes, backward classes and tribal races. In this way the future outlines on India were projected in the objective resolution proposal.
Question 7.
Mention the Introduction (Preamble) of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The preamble of the Indian constitution is given as below:
“We the people of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign democratic republic and to secure to all its citizens, Justice, social, economic and political Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. Equality of status, and of opportunity and to promote among them all Fraternity ensuring the dignity of the individual and unity of the Nation. In our Constituent Assembly on this twenty sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt enact and give to over-selves this constitution.”
Question 8.
What is meant by the term Democratic Republic, mentioned in the Introduction of the Indian Constitution ?
Answer:
Democratic:
It is to imply that India has chosen a form of government in which people have a say as to who should hold power and how it should be used.
Republic:
It refers to a state in which power is held by people through their elected representatives. Meaning of democratic republic – Democracy is a government of the people by the people and for the people. The term also means India is a country which is free to conduct her internal as well as external affairs. Government should establish a welfare society where people can follow any religion of their choice.
It is a country in which people enjoy equal political rights and the head of the country is directly or indirectly elected by the people. Besides, the head of the country does not enjoy his rights and powers to govern the country, rather he or she delegates his / her powers to the cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
Question 9.
According to Granville Austin, describe briefly any two principles adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
According to Granville Austin, the constituent assembly adopted three principles –
- Unanimosity
- Adjustment
- Selection by amendment.
1. Unanimosity:
The quality of unanimosity was enforced instead of majority in the meetings of the Constituent Assembly for the acceptance of a viewpoint. In this way, by long discussion and requests, it was tried to obtain a common agreement.
2. Adjustment:
The assembly adopted the principle of adjustment and so perfectly opposite theories were gathered at a point by the establishment of coordination. Such type of adjustment was seen in the subjects of fundamental rights, federal and unitary system, etc.
Question 10.
Describe a decision which was taken unanimously by the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Provision of Federal System:
A federal power committee was formed in the Constituent Assembly to think over Union Structure. The head to this power committee was Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. The first meeting of the committee was held in 1947. In which suggestions and discussion over federal power were held which were completed in 1949. Specific provisions of federal system were adopted in such a way that the provision might satisfy both the representatives of union and those of provinces. However, the system of federalism could not be executed in an effective manner.
Question 11.
How was the problem of membership in the commonwealth resolved in the constituent assembly ?
Answer:
The problem of membership in commonwealth was resolved by using the theory of adjustment by the makers of the constitution. In 1946, the constituent assembly decided that India would be a sovereign democratic republic. The meaning of republic means the country where the president is elected and being the head of the country he exercises his rights and powers of governance through the cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
After that, in 1949, it was decided in the constituent assembly that India would be a member of Commonwealth, whose chief was the British empire. In this way India became the first country where two rival principles federal and unitary were established in a functional synthesis.
Question 12.
How was the question related to panchayat resolved in the Constituent Assembly ?
Answer:
The resolving of Panchayat related question: There were two opposite groups in the constituent assembly on the question of Panchayat system. One of the groups was the supporter of Panchayat system while other was against it. The second group wanted a direct parliamentary system. The constituent assembly adopted the principle of adjustment to end this dispute forever. The Panchayat system was started at different lower levels.
The union or central government and the provincial government were both centralized and the direct electoral system was accepted for provincial government. The system of decentralization was applied at the low level and it was kept under the jurisdiction of provincial government and the directive principles of state policy followed were, under which the Panchayati Raj system was implemented.
Question 13.
How was the theory of adjustment useful in the provision related to fundamental rights ?
Answer:
There were different opinions in the constituent assembly regarding the question of fundamental rights. The problem was resolved with the help of the principle of adjustment. According to Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel, there were different viewpoints regarding the fundamental rights.
One of the groups considered that there must be maximum number of fundamental rights in the constitution. The execution of these rights might be done through the judiciary directly. The other group believed that the fundamental rights must be limited. Only very essential things should be kept under fundamental rights. There was a long dispute and discussion between the two groups on the points of fundamental rights. At last the principle of adjustment was adopted by the assembly to resolve this matter.
Question 14.
How was the dispute related to the election of the President of Indian Republic resolved in the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
There was a great dispute regarding election of the President of Republic of India in the Constituent Assembly. There were two opinions about it. Some of the members of the constituent assembly considered that the president of India, must be elected through direct adult voting, while some other members considered that the president of India should be elected through electoral college, elected by the two houses of parliament.
At last, for the solution of the problem the principle of adjustment was adopted. According to the principal there was a compromise between the two opinions. According to this agreement , members of parliament and the members of provincial legislatures were included in the electoral college which would elect the President.
Question 15.
Mention important committees of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
Main committees of the Constituent Assembly were:
- Committee of Rules of Procedure
- Steering Committee
- Finance and staff committee
- Credential Committee
- House committee
- Order of business committee
- Adhoc Committee on the National Flag
- Committee on the Functions of the Constituent Assembly
- States Committee
- Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribals
- Union Power Committee
- Union Constitution Committee
- Drafting Committee.
Question 16.
Write a short note on the Drafting Committee.
Or
Name the members of Drafting Committee.
Answer:
The drafting committee was entrusted with the responsibilities to prepare the draft of the constitution. It was set up on 29 August 1947 under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Our constitution is unique in many ways. Our Constitution was prepared by the Constituent Assembly in a long period of 2 years 11 months and 18 days.
The main members of this committee were –
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
- N. Gopal Swami Ayangar
- Alladi Krishna swami Aayyar.
- Dr. K.M. Munshi
- Saiyed Mohammad Sadullah
- N. Madhavrao
- T.T. Krishmachari.
RBSE Class 11 Political Science Chapter 21 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Describe the evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India.
Answer:
The evolution of the demand for framing the Constitution of India:
The demand for making the constitution of India was not sudden, but it developed with independence movements. The evolution of the demand for making the Constitution is given as below:
1. The First Idea of the Theory of the Constituent Assembly:
The first idea of Constituent Assembly was presented by the extremist leader of the National Movement, Bal Gangadhar Tilak. This idea was included in ‘Swarajya Bill’ prepared under his leadership in 1895.
2. The Thought of Mahatma Gandhi:
Mahatma Gandhi expressed this opinion on February 5, 1922 and said that swaraj would not be a gift from British parliament, rather it will be a declaration of self expression of India. The wish would not be declared by the bureaucracy, rather would be declared by the representatives elected by the Indian people. He further declared that the political future of India would be decided by the Indians themselves. This demand by Mahatma Gandhi motivated and inspired other Indian leaders to raise the demand of Indian Constitution.
3. The Initiative of Annie Besant:
In 1922, at the intiation of Srimati Annie Besant, a meeting of two houses of central legislature was held in Shimala. It was decided in that meeting that an all party conference would be called to plan for making the Constitution of India, and this conference was held in January 1915. Commonwealth Indian Bill was proposed and moved which was the very first effort for presenting the guidelines of constitutional system..
4. A demand of Constituent Assembly by Moti Lai Nehru:
In 1924, Pt. Moti Lai Nehru put the demand for forming the Constituent Assembly before British Government. British Government thought that the setting up of Constituent Assembly in India would not be possible due to communal and religious differences. The Indian National Congress accepted the British challenge and a nationwide all-party conference was held under the chairmanship of M.A. Ansari on January 28, 1928. 29 organisations participated in it. All political parties unanimously declared that an absolute representative governance alone can be the only solution of the Constitutional Problem in India.
5. All Party Conference and Nehru Report:
On May 29, 1928 an All Party Conference was held in Bombay. A Committee was appointed in the Chairmanship of Pt. Moti Lai Nehru “to determine the Principles of the Indian Constitution.” The Committee submitted its report on 10 August 1928, which became famous as Nehru Report. It was the first attempt made by the Indians for a perfect Constitution for their country. It is notable that a Parliamentary System was imagined in which the government was made responsible to the Parliament, the Fundamental Rights monitored by Courts were proposed, and the Rights of Minorities were secured. The Concept which was imagined in the Nehru Report was adopted in the constitution of India as it was.
6. The thought of communist leader M.N. Roy:
The presentation of the thought of the formation of constituent Assembly was made by the Communist leader M.N. Roy; which was formulated by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru in 1934.
7. The Efforts made by Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru:
Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru formulated a presentable form to the thought of the Communist leader M.N. Roy in 1934. Nehru said that if it was accepted that the fortune of India would be decided by only Indian people, then Indian people should be given all the rights and freedom for making of Indian Constitution. In 1928, Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru said that the formation of the Constituent Assembly would he made by the elected Constituent Assembly through Adult Franchise directly and no external interference would be accepted.
8. The proposal of the demand of Constituent Assembly in Congress Conference:
On 18 December, 1936 in Lucknow session of Congress, a proposal was moved and declared, “The Indians will not accept any constitution imposed by any external government.” Later on, conferences were held in 1937 and 1938, wherein, the same demand for making of constitution was repeated. In 1939, after the start of second world war, the same demand for making of Constituent Assembly was repeated in the Congress Executive committee meeting held on September 17, 1939.
9. The demand of Constituent Assembly was accepted in August Proposal by the British Government theoretically:
The British Government kept on ignoring the demand for formation of the Constituent Assembly. Due to the pressure of second world war, and national and international pressure, the British Government agreed to the making of the constitution by Indians themselves.
On August 6, 1940 in a statement, the British government accepted the demand for making of the Constituent Assembly officially for the first time and declared that making of the Constitution is main responsibility of Indians, but this process would be started only after the war, During this period, some more Indians would be included in the Executive Council of the Governor General.
10. Cripps Plan:
In 1942, British Government accepted the demand for forming the Constituent Assembly through Cripps Plan. The elected Constituent Assembly would be formed in India and the Constituent Assembly would prepare the Indian constitution. There were some other provisions in that Cripps Plan which were rejected by Indians. As a result, several proposals of Cripps Plan could not be applied.
11. Cabinet Mission Proposal:
The British Prime Minister Clement Attlee sent a Cabinet Mission to India which made several proposals regarding formation of the Constituent Assembly. The reports were accepted by the British Government and was passed and made the basis for the formation of the Constituent Assembly.
Question 2.
Describe the planning of the Constituent Assembly according to Cabinet Mission Proposals.
Or
Characteristics of the Constituent Assembly according to Cabinet Mission Proposals.
Answer:
The Cabinet Mission with three members in it reached New Delhi on March 24, 1946. The Cabinet Mission presented its reports on May 16, 1946 to the New British Govt. It was said in the report that under present circumstances formation of the constituent assembly through adult voting is an impossible task. So the legislature formed according to Indian Government Act 1935 should be used as the electoral institution of provincial legislature. According to Cabinet Proposal, the Constituent Assembly was formed in November 1946.
The main characteristics of the Constituent Assembly were:
1. According to Cabinet Plan, total number of membership was 389 out of which 296 members were from the British Provinces and 93 were from Princely states and 4 members were to be elected from the Chief Commissioners provinces. According to Cabinet Plan, the representation of the Provincial Legislature was to be divided into 3 sections.
Section A – Madras, UP, Central provinces, Bombay, Bihar and Orissa.
Section B – Punjab, Sindh, North – west frontier provinces and Baluchistan.
Section C – Assam and Bengal.
292 members out of 296 were elected from these provinces and 4 members were to be elected from chief commissioners provinces (Delhi, Ajmer – Marwara and Coorg etc), the election for 296 was held in July – August 1946. Out of which Indian National Congress got 208 seats, Muslim League 73 and other smaller groups won 15 seats. The princely states kept themselves away from these elections. In the beginning all the 93 seats allotted to Princely States remained vacant, but later on the heads of these states started sending their representatives to join the Assembly.
2. Every province had to be allotted a total number of seats in the proportion to its population. Normally it was one seat over one million population.
3. The determination of seats allotted to British provinces were to Muslims, Sikhs (only in Punjab), and other specific communities in the proportion of their population.
4. The election of the representative of communities were to be made only by the members of related community.
5. The nomination of the representatives for Princely States was done by the head of related Princely State.
Question 3.
Explain the composition of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
On March 24, 1946 cabinet mission with its 3 members in all reached Delhi. The mission presented its report to the newly established British government on May 16,1946. In the plan it was said, “under present conditions, direct Adult Voting is an impossible task. So the legislatures formed according to Indian Government Act 1935 should be used as the electoral institution of provincial legislature.” According to the Cabinet Mission Proposal, the constituent assembly was formed in November 1946.
Its main characteristics were as follows:
According to cabinet plan, There were total 389 members out the them 292 members were elected from Provincial Legislative Assemblies, 93 members represented the Indian princely states, and 4 members represented the chief commissioners provinces.
- The basis of divisions of seats was, “Population”. Roughly one member was chosen out of 10 lakh of population.
- The provinces were allotted the seats on the basis of their population and the representatives from several communities were to come according to their population. There were three groups of members General, Muslims and Sikhs (only in Punjab).
- The representatives from different communities were chosen according to proportional system of population. The communal members were chosen on the basis of their communal voters.
- The members of Indian Princely states were nominated by the heads of their related state.
- There was separate arrangement for provincial constitutions.
The process of the formation of the Constituent Assembly:
The constitution of the Constituent Assembly was completed in two steps.
First step:
Under first step, in July 1946, elections were held for 296 seats allotted for Provinces. The Congress won 208 seats and the Muslim League bagged 73 seats. On November 20, 1946, the Viceroy invited the elected representatives to attend the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly to be held on December 9,1946. At first, the Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan.
In the meantime British Government released a statement on December 6, 1946, which had adverse results. Muslim League shortly demanded for a separate Constituent Assembly for Pakistan and it boycotted the meeting of the Constituent Assembly. On June 1947, as a result of Mountbatten plan, Indians lost the Muslim Majority Regions. Due to this, Partition of India become editable. Fundamental and executive revolutionary changes were seen in the Constituent Assembly.
Second step:
In the second step, India was partitioned according to Mountbatten plan.The membership of Constituent Assembly fell down to 324, out of which 235 seats were allotted for provinces and 89 seats were for Indian princely states. Punjab and Bengal provinces were divided into two parts each. Elected representatives took oath on July 14, 1947 and then took their seats in the Constituent Assembly.
For the procedure of the election of the representatives from Indian princely states, it was decided that the percentage of these members might not be more than 50% of total seats. For princely states the number of seats was decided several times before and after India got independence.
On November 26,1949, the great task of framing the constitution of India was completed by the Assembly. It is notable that the representatives from Hyderabad state did not join it at the last moment. In the same way, besides 235 representatives from provinces, only 73 representatives of Indian princely states attended the Constituent Assembly. Only these 308 members signed on the final original draft of Indian Constitution.
Question 4.
Describe the important decisions taken unionimously by the Constituent Assembly during the making of Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Important decisions taken by the Constituent Assembly unanimously during the making of the constitution are given below:
1. The provision related to union:
For discussions on the federal structure in the constituent assembly, a Federal Power Committee was formed. The chairperson of this committee was Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru. The first meeting of this committee was held in 1947 in which there was a long discussion about federal structure, which continued till November 1949.
The provision of federal structure was very serious under which on one hand, the assembly had to satisfy the representatives of union and on other hand, the Assembly had to satisfy the representatives from provinces. This issue was settled through the principle of unanimosity because pressure and force sometimes do no work.
2. The provision related to language issue:
There was a dispute about National language. Many efforts were made during 3 years to solve this matter. After a long and thorough discussion, the principle of unanimosity was adopted and Hindi was adopted by the Constituent Assembly as the National language.
3. The provisions related to parliament:
Many opinions and proposals regarding establishment of parliament were moved before the Constituent Assembly by different classes and members. All the proposals and viewpoints were thought over sympathetically. And at last, the theory of unanimosity was adopted and the subjects like naming the houses, bicameral system and the term of the house were decided unanimously.
4. Provision of introduction (Preamble):
Many points were presented about introduction of the Constitution. There was lack of similarity in these proposals. But after a long discussion, the Preamble of the constitution prepared by the Drafting Committee was accepted unanimously.
Question 5.
For which subjects and issues during making of the constitution, was the theory of Adjustment adopted?
Answer:
Meaning of adjustment:
Adjustment means co – ordination of two or more than two contradictory issues or ideas or concepts. Several issues appeared were moved before the Constituent Assembly for which the Principle of Adjustment was adopted to resolve amiably. Some of such subjects are given below:
1. Subjects related to Federal and Unitary System:
For the establishment of federal and unitary system together, in matters of governance in Indian constitution, the theory of adjustment was adopted to co – ordinate the contradictory systems. As a result, we see that the form of the Indian constitution is federal, whereas the spirit of the constitution is unitary.
2. Question Related to Accepting Membership of Commonwealth:
This issue of the membership of commonwealth was also resolved with the help of the Theory of Adjustment by the experts of the Constituent Assembly. In the year of 1946, Constituent Assembly had decided that India would be an independent nation. The Republic means where there will be an elected head of the Nation and who uses his rights and powers through his cabinet of ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
It was decided by the Constituent Assembly that India would be a member of an Organization named Commonwealth whose chairperson was the British crown. India became the first nation of the world who joined two rival systems monarchy and the republic and established the theory of Adjustment through co-ordination.
3. Subject related to Panchayat System:
There were two opposite groups on the question of Panchayat system, and also there were different opinions. One of the groups was supporting it while other opposed it. The second group wanted a direct parliamentary system. The Constituent Assembly again adopted the Theory of Adjustment and marked a full stop on this dispute. Panchayat system was applied at different levels.
The Principle of Centralization was adopted in matters of Central Government and State Governments where the direct election system was applied. Below the level of state government, the Theory of Decentralization was accepted and the execution was laid under the rights and powers of provincial legislature and section 40, as included in the Directive Principles of State Policy, under which, the Panchayat Raj system was applied.
4. Provisions related to Fundamental Rights:
There were different concepts on the subject related to Fundamental Rights before the Constituent Assembly. The solution of these differences on Fundamental rights was found out with the help of the Adjustment Theory. According to Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, there were two opinions about the freedom of fundamental rights. One of the groups wanted maximum rights while the other group wanted limited fundamental rights. There was a long and deep discussion between the two groups. At last this issue too was solved through the theory of adjustment.
5. Subject related to election of the President:
There was a serious dispute over election of the President in the Constituent Assembly. There were two different lines of thought about this subject in the assembly. Some of the members wanted that the President of India should be elected by Direct Adult franchise, while some other members were of the opinion to elect the Indian President by electoral college formed by the two houses of parliament. At last the theory of adjustment was adopted for the solution of the problem. According to this theory of Adjustment, the elected members of parliament and the provincial legislatures were included in the Electoral College.