Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Human Occupations: Major Types
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Text Book Questions
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
How many types of human occupations are there?
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(d) five
Question 2.
Which of the following occupations is not a primary occupation?
(a) hunting
(b) gathering forest – products
(c) trade
(d) animal husbandry
Answer:
(c) trade
Question 3.
What type of occupation is manufacturing industry?
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) quaternary
Answer:
(b) secondary
Question 4.
Which type of occupation is direct/tangible service sector?
(a) quaternary
(b) tertiary
(c) secondary
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) tertiary
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 5.
Give the examples of primary occupations.
Answer:
Hunting, gathering forest products, agriculture, fishing, wood cutting, animal husbandry, mining, etc. are some examples of primary occupations.
Question 6.
In which occupations people were engaged during industrial revolution?
Answer:
During industrial revolution, most of people were engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary occupations.
Question 7.
Name secondary occupations?
Answer:
Manufacturing, production of all goods, energy – production house, construction, road construction, dairy industry, specialised farming and food processing are secondary occupations.
Question 8.
Mention the names of tertiary occupations.
Answer:
Transportation, trade, communication, commerce, entertainment, banking, insurance, tourism etc. are tertiary occupations.
Question 9.
What are pentanary occupations?
Answer:
Pentanary occupations include the services which are focused on creation of new and contemporary ideas and explanation of their re – organisation of data and their application. Subject to specialists, policy makers, IT experts are included in Pentanary occupations.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions
Question 10.
Describe primary occupations.
Answer:
Primary occupations are those occupations which depend directly upon nature. In primary occupations, man directly uses the resources like land, water, vegetation and minerals to satisfy his needs. These occupations are directly related to the state of natural environment. These occupations involve production of food and raw materials.
Most of primary occupations are symbolic of simple, traditional and primitive economic and social structure. Man has been involved for 95% of time with primary occupations since beginning. Hunting, gathering different forestry products, agriculture, animal husbandry, mining are all primary occupations.
Question 11.
Describe the quaternary occupations.
Answer:
All indirect services are included in quaternary occupations. Jean Gottman, the famous economist, includes intangible services in this category. More than half workers in developed countries are employed in these knowledge-based occupations.
Fourth – level occupations are related to information based and research and development based services. Employees working in office buildings, hospitals, educational institutions, theaters, account sections and commission works are related to services of quaternary occupations.
Question 12.
Name the factors which ascertain secondary occupations.
Answer:
In secondary occupations, naturally available resources are not used directly, instead these are refined and converted into more useful and valuable things. Since naturally obtained resources are refined by extra effects, so both natural and cultural factors bear influence in ascertaining secondary occupations. The factors ascertaining secondary occupations are:
- raw materials
- energy sources
- transportation and Communications facilities
- capital
- government policies
- labour force
- market
- technological innovation
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Essay Type Questions
Question 13.
Describe major occupations being pursued in the world.
Answer:
Man is an active and wise creature who performs many activities while being influenced by physical and cultural environments. Since these environments are different in different regions, so human economic activities also change along with the changes in region.
Economic activities done by man have been changing since the pre – historic age to upto the present. The means of earning human livelihood and economic activities are classified into five categories. The classification has been done on the basis of increasing distance from land and its natural resources.
1. Primary Occupations:
The occupations in which man directly uses naturally recurring resources like – land, water, vegetation and minerals to fulfil his needs are known as primary occupations. These types of occupations are directly associated with the status of natural environment. These occupations involve production of food and raw materials, hunting, gathering forestry products, agriculture, fishing, wood cutting, animal husbandry, mining, etc. are primary occupations.
2. Secondary Occupations:
Instead of being used directly in secondary occupations, naturally available resources are first of all refined and converted into more useful and valuable products. Secondary occupations include manufacturing, processing and production activities. Making steel from iron ore, flour from wheat, cotton textile from ’cotton, sugar from sugarcane, furniture and paper from wood are some of fine examples of secondary occupations.
3. Tertiary Occupations:
All personal and commercial direct servies to communities are included in tertiary occupations. It is also known as “Service Category”. Following are the examples of this type of occupation:
- Transportation
- trade and commerce
- communications
- all the services including banking, insurance, tourism, etc.,
4. Quaternary Occupations:
This class is related to information based and research and development based services. Jean Gottman includes intangible (indirect) services in the category of quaternary occupations. More than half of workers in developed countries are employed in these knowledge based occupations. Information, researches and inventions, hospitals, theatre, accounts work, governance, legal and technical advisors are the examples of quaternary occupations.
5. Pentanary Occupations:
Pentanary or fifth level occupations include those services which are focussed on creation of new contemporary ideas and explanation of their re – organisaton, explanation of data and their application and evaluation of new technology. These occupations are also the sub-classes of tertiary occupations, in which subject specialists, decision makers, consultants and policy makers are included.
Question 14.
Explain the changes in the human occupations with the development of human activities.
Answer:
Early man survived by hunting wild animals and by using forest products. In those days, availability of food was always uncertain, early man had to roam in search of food. So, he was a wanderer. Gradually, with intellectual development, man began to rear useful animals and to live in groups. In order to get fodder for his animals, he started adopting seasonal migration. His basic needs began to be fulfilled through animal products. Agriculture inspired man for making permanent residence.
Economic progress accelerated with discoveries and technological growth during Renaissance period. Economic activities like mining and industry expanded after discovery of fossil fuel in 18th century. With development in trade and industry, a variety of services also started. In this way, human occupations developed in sequential order which can be divided into following parts:
1. Pre – historic Age:
In this period, man was in the primitive state and hunted wild animals with sharp stones and gathered root – tubers from forests. During this period, dogs helped him in hunting. Gradually man started rearing animals for milk, meat, skin, wool, etc. He was still a wanderer in the course of time. He invented agriculture which motivated him for permanent settlement. In the Neolithic period (new – stone – age) he invented the wheel and the art of making earthen utensils.
2. Ancient Period:
In this period, stability and permanency came into human life with the progress in economic activities. Availability of food became easier. Man started using his spare time in developing other arts and so the metals like iron, copper and bronze were invented which were used for making weapons and other useful things.
He also learnt to irrigate his crops and to plough the field with the help of bullocks and harrow. In this period, civilizations like Mohanjodaro and Harappa developed in the valley of Indus river in around 2500 BC. The Pyramids of Egypt are the indicators of technical development of this period. Along with agriculture, cottage industries also developed rapidly during this period.
3. Medieval Period:
Human occupations became more diversified in this period between 600 to 1500 CE. Feudal and Jagirdari systems were prevalent in this age. Large cities developed due to development of education, trade and culture. Commodities were exchanged in trade. Agricultural products were supplied in urban areas and manufactured products were sent to villages. In this period, India led the world trade, agriculture, cottage industry and commerce and was known as “Golden Bird.”
4. Modern Age:
The period after 15th century is considered to be modern age. Human occupations reached at their zenith during this period. Modern advanced human occupations emerged due to technological development, discoveries and inventions. During this age, man came to be engaged in secondary tertiary, quaternary and pentanary occupations. Due to using advanced technology in primary occupations, industrial revolution occurred in this period on account of obtaining energy from various sources. Various types of products started to be manufactured at large scale.
Project/Practical Work
Question 15.
Observe human occupations being pursued by people in your village or city and also in large cities.
Answer:
After a detailed survey in villages, towns and large cities, I have concluded that more than 50% of population in village is still engaged in the primary occupations like agriculture, poultry farming, cattle rearing, fishing etc. Most of the people in our villages have some agricultural land but as a supplimentary occupation they are engaged with other activities like cattle rearing, making earthen pots, collecting forest products like honey, herbs fuel – wood etc. Some persons have left the village to pursue secondary occupations in cities.
In towns, most of the people are engaged in secondary occupations like shop – keeping, dairy products. These places are becoming more crowded due to youths coming from rural areas who have gathered there for pursuing tertiary occupations like teaching, unskilled and skilled work, selling wares etc. In big cities, most of the people are engaged in ocupations other than primary occupations. They are doing jobs in transportation, production, banking, education, etc.
Question 16.
Find the number of people engaged in primary, secondary and tertiary occupations in your village.
Answer:
I belong to a big village Baswa at Bandikui section in district Dausa of Rajasthan. Total population of this village is 1932, out of which 1080 are dependent. Remaining 852 people are considered working population. 530 people are engaged in primary occupation and are doing agricuture, collection of milk and collection of forest products. 200 people are engaged in secondary occupation. They do carpentary, iron work, dairy production, shopkeeping, butchering etc. Remaining 122 people are engaged in tertiary, and quaternary occupations like teaching, production, transportation etc.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Additional Questions with Answers
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.
The central point of study of human geography is:
(a) Man
(b) Cattle
(c) Birds
(d) Earth
Answer:
(a) Man
Question 2.
Man was motivated for settlement by:
(a) Cattle
(b) Climate
(c) Agriculture
(d) Business
Answer:
(c) Agriculture
Question 3.
The civilizations like Mohanjodaro and Harrappa developed in:
(a) Pre – historic age
(b) Ancient period
(c) Medieval period
(d) Modern period
Answer:
(b) Ancient period
Question 4.
Human occupation can be divided into how many parts?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(d) 5
Question 5.
Agriculture is considered as a/an:
(a) Primary occupation
(b) Secondary occupation
(c) Tertiary occupation
(d) Quaternary occupation
Answer:
(a) Primary occupation
Question 6.
Which of the following is not included in secondary occupation:
(a) Manufacturing
(b) Processing
(c) Construction
(d) Communication
Answer:
(d) Communication
Question 7.
Which of the following is a tertiary occupation:
(a) Agriculture
(b) Energy production
(c) Transportation
(d) Management
Answer:
(c) Transportation
Question 8.
Indirect services are related to:
(a) Primary occupation
(b) Secondary occupation
(c) Tertiary occupation
(d) Quaternary occupation
Answer:
(d) Quaternary occupation
Question 9.
Which of these is a temperate region?
(a) Amazon Basin
(b) Tundra Region
(c) Taiga Region
(d) Mediterranean Region
Answer:
(d) Mediterranean Region
Question 10.
Fifth level occupation does not include:
(a) Subject specialist
(b) Decision maker
(c) Banker
(d) Advisor
Answer:
(c) Banker
Match the Following
Question 1.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
| Column (A) (Occupation) | Column (B) (Relative occupation) |
| (i) Mining | (a) Quinary |
| (ii) Manufacturing | (b) Tertiary |
| (iii) Research | (c) Secondary |
| (iv) Tourism | (d) Quaternary |
| (v) Technical Advise | (e) Primary |
Answer:
(i) (e), (ii) (c), (iii) (d), (iv) (b), (v) (a).
Question 2.
Match the options given in column A with correct options given in column B:
| Column (A) Development | Column (B) (Period) |
| (i) Invention of wheel | (a) Medieval age |
| (ii) Development of cottage Industries | (b) Modem age |
| (iii) Development of Cities | (c) Ancient age |
| (iv) Technical Development | (d) Pre – historic age |
Answer:
(i) (d), (ii) (c), (iii) (a), (iv) (b).
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Very Short Answer Type Questions
Question 1.
What is an economic activity?
Answer:
All the works performed by a man, related to money and which increase economic growth are called economic activities.
Question 2.
Why are human economic activities found to be different in different areas?
Answer:
The physical and cultural environment is different in different regions, so human economic activities are also different.
Question 3.
What is an occupation? or What is meant by occupation?
Answer:
The economic activities performed by man for his livelihood are occupation.
Question 4.
What do you understand by human’s seasonal migration?
Answer:
The periodic movement of a population from any region or climate zone to another region or zone in search of food or employment in accordance with certain time cycle is called human’s seasonal migration.
Question 5.
Name some civilizations which developed along with the development of agricultural activities.
Answer:
India’s Indus valley civilisation, China’s Hwang – Ho river – valley civilisation, Nile valley civilisation in Egypt and Mesopotamian civilisation between Dajla – Farat rivers developed along with development of agricultural activities.
Question 6.
Name the time zones of the development of human occupations?
Answer:
Development of human occupations is divided into following four time zones:
- Pre – historic age
- Ancient age
- Medieval age
- Modern age.
Question 7.
In which age was the wheel discovered?
Answer:
The Wheel was discovered in Neolithic age (New – stone – era).
Question 8.
Which are the indicators of excellence of the ancient times?
Answer:
The Pyramids of Egypt are the indicators of excellence (Progress) of the ancient times.
Question 9.
What is the time – period of medieval age?
Answer:
The time period of medieval age is between 600 AD and 1500 AD.
Question 10.
How did the cities develop during ancient time?
Answer:
In ancient time due to expansion of education, trade and culture, cities developed.
Question 11.
Give the time – period of modern age.
Answer:
The period after 15th century to uptill present is called modern age.
Question 12.
Give examples of quaternary occupations.
Answer:
Information technology, research, management, education, healthcare and security are included in quaternary occupations.
Question 13.
Define primary occupation.
Answer:
All occupations in which naturally – occurring resources such as land, water, vegetation and mineral substances are directly used by man to fulfil his requirements are called primary occupations.
Question 14.
Why are primary economic activities most important for us?
Answer:
Primary economic activities provide us food, cloth and raw material for industries, so they are most important.
Question 15.
Which are the major sub – tropical regions where mainly primary activities are seen?
Answer:
Equatorial dry forests, sub – tropical dry agricultural regions, dry lower latitudinal regions, subtropical highlands and desert regions are included in sub – tropical regions of primary activities.
Question 16.
Name some regions where occupations like hunting and gathering forest produce are practiced.
Answer:
Hunting and gathering forest produce are seen mainly in north Siberian region of Asia, Norway, Sweden, Alaska, Canada and western areas of Australia.
Question 17.
Where is the process of nomadic pastoralism conducted?
Answer:
Steppes grasslands in Asia and Europe, Prairies in North-America, Pampas, Lianos and Campos in South America, Savannas and Veldts in Africa and down in Australia are major regions of nomadic pastoralists.
Question 18.
Name the regions of commercial pastures in the world.
Answer:
Commercial pastures are mainly found in New Zealand, Australia, Uruguay and United States of America.
Question 19.
Where is plantation agriculture done in the world?
Answer:
In the world, plantation agriculture is mainly done in Madagascar island group, coastal regions of Brazil, and Western coastal regions of South America.
Question 20.
Which are the regions of life subsistence agriculture in the world?
Answer:
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, China, Central Japan and Indo – China regions are included in the major regions of life subsistence agriculture in the world.
Question 21.
Write the names of regions of extensive commercial agriculture.
Answer:
This type of agriculture is performed in Steppes of Eurasia, Prairies of North America, Pampas of Argentina, Veldts of Africa, and Canterbury regions of New Zealand.
Question 22.
Which are the major regions of manufacturing industries in the world?
Answer:
Singapore, Japan’s Osaka – ICobe zone, Shanghai and Lachau areas in China and Haldia, Kolkata – Haldia, Coimbatore – Selam, Mumbai and Pune in India. Manchester and Lancashire regions in Britain, Dusseldorf, Duisburg, Dartmund regions in Germany and Detroit and Ottawa regions in North America are the major regions of manufacturing industries in the world.
Question 23.
What is secondary occupation?
Answer:
The occupation in which naturally available resources are not used directly, instead these are refined and converted into more useful and valuable products is called secondary occupation.
Question 24.
Give some examples of secondary occupations.
Answer:
Making steel from iron ore, flour from wheat, cotton textiles from cotton, sugar from sugarcane, furniture and paper from wood are some major examples of secondary occupations.
brief “Service Category’ occupations.
Question 25.
Explain in brief “service Category” occupations.
Answer:
The activities that are provided under tertiary occupations to the communities and are executed by skilled or unskilled or semi – skilled workers, professionally trained experts and consultants are called service category occupations.
Question 26.
Name some persons engaged in tertiary occupations.
Answer:
Plumbers, electricans, shop – keepers, doctors, advocates etc. are related to tertiary occupations.
Question 27.
What is meant by trade?
Answer:
An organisation or economic system where goods and services are exchanged for one another or for money is called trade.
Question 28.
What are the urban forms of retail trading?
Answer:
Departmental stores, discount stores, supermarkets, warehouse – stores, malls and E retailers are some forms of retail trading.
Question 29.
Which are the audio-visual modes of communication?
Answer:
Films, radio, television and media are some of the audio-visual modes of communication.
Question 30.
Why is the importance of Pentanary occupations more in developed economies?
Answer:
There is more presence of subject experts, decision-makers, advisers and policy-framers in developed economies. Since this condition is helpful in the development of any nation, the importance of pentanary occupation is more.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-I)
Question 1.
What are primary activities? Why primary activities are completely dependent over the environment?
Answer:
Hunting, gathering forest produce (like – wood, honey, herbs, etc.), rearing of cattle, fishing, agriculture and mining are primary activities. All primary activities are directly related to land and other natural gifts for humans which depend over climate and environment, so primary activities depend over environmental circumstances.
Question 2.
How did man lead his life in primitive age?
Answer:
In primitive age, man survived by hunting wild animals and by using forest produce. During this period, man was a wanderer and he roamed in the forests in search of food which was always uncertain. His daily needs were nothing but food. In that age, he was nothing but a wild creature. The sheltering places for him were only in the trees or in the caves. In cold regions, he managed his life by hunting wild animals. In temperate regions, besides hunting, he survived by eating roots and other vegetation. He lived mostly near water sources so that he might get water to quench his thirst.
Question 3.
Primitive human society was completely dependent on wild animals. Explain this statement.
Answer:
Primitive human society was completely dependent on wild animals because at this time level of human development and technology was very low. Due to less knowledge and without development of agriculture main food of human were related to wild animals, roots and fruits. Human kept animals as pets for his security. Man also used animals for transportation, his weapons were also made by animals bones. So, it is said that primitive human society was completely dependent on wild animals.
Question 4.
What changes took place in human occupations in Ancient Age?
Answer:
In ancient age, a stability and permanence emerged in human life with a remarkable development in economic activities like agriculture and animal husbandary. With basic increase in his wisdom, his daily needs also increased, but due to stability in life he began to fulfil his basic need of food easily. And then man started thinking about other things also.
In this way, he discovered metals like iron, copper and bronze and started making metallic weapons. He began to plough his fields with the help of bullocks and so the process of agriculture became rapid. The barter system of exchange of the various products also started in this age. City civilisation and building construction also developed. Along with agriculture, cottage industries also developed during this period.
Question 5.
Classify the human occupations.
Answer:
Human occupations are mainly divided into the following five categories. This classification has been made on the basis of increasing distance from natural resources.
1. Primary Occupations:
Hunting, gathering forest produce, agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining, etc.
2. Secondary Occupations:
Manufacturing, production, energy-production, processing, etc.
3. Tertiary Occupations:
Transportation, trade, communication, administration, entertainment, banking, insurance, tourism etc.
4. Quaternary Occupations:
Information, research, management, education, health, security, etc.
5. Pentanary:
Executives, decision maker, research, legal and technical advisors.
Question 6.
What are the subtropical temperate regions of primary occupations on the basis of variation in land in the world?
Answer:
Following regions are included in subtropical temperate regions with primacy of primary occupations:
- Temperate Grasslands (Prairies and Steppes)
- Mediterranean regions
- North – China regions
- Oceanic cyclone regions (Western Europe type)
- Continential
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Short Answer Type Questions (SA-II)
Question 1.
What changes in human occupations took place during the medieval period?
Answer:
The period between 600 AD to 1500 AD is considered as the medieval age. Human occupations became more diversified in Europe. Feudal and jagirdari system were prevalent in this age. Agriculture developed gradually. Large cities developed – due to development of education, trade and culture. Commodities were exchanged in trade.
Agricultural products started coming into cities from rural areas while manufactured products were sent to rural areas. In this period, India led the world as trade, agriculture, cottage industry and commerce here developed the most. Technical development could not take place during this period due to suppression of conceptual freedom.
Question 2.
Explain the process of primary occupations.
Answer:
All primary occupations are symbolic of simple, traditional and primitive economic and social structure. The distribution of people engaged in primary occupations across the globe, is unequal. In developed countries, less than 5 per cent of population is engaged in primary activities. While in developing countries, these activities provide employment to a large part of labour force. Primary activities are very important because these provide food to human beings and raw material to industries. Right from the existence of man, primary activities have nurtured man for more than 95% time period.
Question 3.
Describe the characteristics of economic activities namely food gathering and hunting and write down the names of its major regions.
Answer:
Characteristics of food – gathering and hunting are:
- Man has been engaged in activities of food gathering and hunting since primitive age in regions of extreme climatic conditions.
- These two economic activities are primary and are conducted at various levels and in various forms in the world.
- The most important necessities of man such as food, clothing, shelter, etc. are fulfililed by these two activities.
- These occupations need very less capital and technical knowledge but excessive labour.
- The productivity per person is very less.
Main Regions of Food Gathering and Hunting:
High latitudinal regions – Northern Canada, Norhern Euresia and Southern Chile and lower latitudinal regions – Amazon basin, Congo basin, internal parts of South-eastern Asia and New Guinea.
Question 4.
Clarify secondary occupations.
Answer:
In secondary ocupations, naturally available resources are not used directly, but they are refined and converted to make them more useful and valuable. Manufacturing and industry sector is known as secondary sector or some times as production sector. It includes all branches of human activities that transform raw materials, food manufacturing, textile manfacturing and industry.
For example, making steel from iron ore, furniture and paper from wood, flour from wheat, etc. Industries such as food processing and dairy industry are included in this sector. In determining these types of occupations natural resources and cultural resources have greater effects.
RBSE Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 Essay Type Questions
Question 1.
Explain major regions of primary occupations of man in the world.
Answer:
The major regions of primary occupation on the basis of variations in land and its use are given below:
1. Hot tropical Regions:
- Equatorial wet forests (Amazon-Congo type)
- Tropical wet agricultural regions (Eastern India, Eastern Brazil)
- Wet – Dry Sub – tropical Savanna (Sudan, India, Brazil) region.
- Tropical highlands (Ethiopia type)
- Deserts (Sahara, Arabia, Thar, Central Asia, Mongolia, Western Australia, Kalahari)
2. Temperate Regions:
- Temperate grasslands (Prairies and Steppes type)
- Mediterranean region
- Northern China region
- Oceanic cyclonic region (Western Europe type)
- Continental cyclonic region (North – Eastern USA type)
- Cold continental region (Eastern Europe type)
3. Cold Regions:
- Cold forests (Taiga, Siberia, Canada type)
- Tundra region
- High mountains
Major regions and activities of primary occupations in the world are shown in the following map :
Question 2.
Explain the pattern of service sector through a table.
Or
Show the division of service sector.
Answer:
Human service sector can be classified through a table as further given:
