RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Which thinker was the first one to define justice in western political thought?
(a) Saint Augustine
(b) Aristotle
(c) Plato
(d) Aquinas
Answer:
(c) Plato

Question 2.
The expounder of the theory of distributive justice is
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Aquinas
(d) John Rawls
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 3.
‘States which have no religion enforced are the havens of thieves and their activities’, who said this?
(a) Saint Augustine
(b) Kautilya
(c) Aristotle
(d) Aquinas
Answer:
(a) Saint Augustine

Question 4.
Which of the following thinkers considers impartiality of justice as a basic tendency of state-system?
(a) Vrihaspati
(b) Manu and Kautilya
(c) Plato
(d) Acharya Narendra Deo
Answer:
(b) Manu and Kautilya

Question 5.
Which form of justice is reflected by the punishment given for the violation of law?
(a) Moral justice
(b) Political justice
(c) Economic justice
(d) Legal justice
Answer:
(d) Legal justice

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are the Indian expounders of justice?
Answer:
Aristotle, Kautilya, Vrihaspati, Shukra, Vidur, Bhardwaj, Somdev, etc. are the Indian expounders of justice.

Question 2.
In which book has Plato presented his view about justice?
Answer:
“Republic” is the name of the book in which Plato has represented his views about justice.

Question 3.
How many categories of society has Plato mentioned in his theory of justice?
Answer:
According to Plato there are three categories of society :

  1. Rulers
  2. Soldiers
  3. Producers.

Question 4.
Who is the author of the book ‘Republic’?
Answer:
Plato is the author of this book.

Question 5.
How many types of justice has Aristotle mentioned?
Answer:
Aristotle has mentioned two types of justice :

  1. Distributive justice
  2. Corrective or rectificatory justice.

Question 6.
On which fact does Aristotle’s distributive theory of justice emphasize?
Answer:
Aristotle’s distributive theory emphasises that the distribution of power could be in accordance with ability and contribution of an individual.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 7.
What is the objective of Aristotle’s reformative justice?
Answer:
The objective of Aristotle’s reformative justice is to defence the rights of the citizens from those who interfere them.

Question 8.
Who were the two expounders of justice in Medieval period?
Answer:
Saint Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.

Question 9.
Which thinker has mentioned about economic inequality?
Answer:
Socialist thinker, Karl Marx has mentioned about economic inequalities.

Question 10.
Who was the expounder of the ‘Veil of ignorance’ theory?
Answer:
John Rawls is the expounder of the ‘Veil of ignorance’ theory.

Question 11.
Which theory has John Rawls expounded to establish social justice?
Answer:
For the establishment of social justice, John Rowls has expounded the following two fundamental theories :

  1. Maximum freedom is necessary for the protection of self freedom,
  2. Such social and economical circumstances are established by the people and the state that are beneficial to all.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by Plato’s justice?
Answer:
Plato has regarded justice a quality of soul. According to Plato, “Inherent justice in an individual’s soul is equal to inherent justice in a state”. The justice of soul balances many angles of a personality and likewise, the justice in a state builds coordination in three classes of a society – Ruler, soldiers and producers. Plato has clarified justice in the form of moral principle.

Plato, in his book ‘Republic’, has described justice-related thoughts. According to him, justice means freedom to work by an individual and no interference into the works of others. Plato has narrated two forms of justice –

  1. Personal and
  2. Social or state-related.

Question 2.
Comment on Aristotle’s views about justice.
Answer:
This is the conception of Aristotle that relation of justice is regularised by human relations. According to him, all whatever is fair, legal, equal and appropriate, is included in the justice. Aristotle has defined two forms of justice – (i) Distributive or Political justice, (ii) Reformatory justice. Aristotle has clarified with example that under distribution system, the distribution of reputation, honour, property etc. should be made in accordance with ability. Benefit and responsibility should be distributed in proportion to the capability and capacity of an individual.

Question 3.
Compare between traditional and modern point of views of justice.
Answer:
The comparison in traditional and modern points of view of justice can be done in the following ways :

S.No. Base Traditional Modem
1. Field Morality is the base of justice. Law is the base for justice.
2. Main thinkers Plato, Aristotle, Saint Augustine, Thomas Acquinas, etc. David Humes, Hobbs, Karl Marx, J.S.Mill, John Rawls, etc.
3. Nature/Form Justice is quality of soul. All is included in the justice, which is proper. Justice refers to obedience of mles as mles are the bases of welfare to all.
4. Utility Justice is a moral principle, which makes a human life systematic and balanced. It emphasises distribution of things on the basis of qualification. Justice is legal wherein utility is its fundamental mantra.  It emphasises distribution of things and services on the basis of utility.

Question 4.
What is the relevance of universal values of justice at present?
Answer:
Traditional Western and Indian thoughts regard morality a base of justice. The behaviour of a good-character person is regarded in the form of a criteria of justice. In Indian philosophy, religion (Dharma) is regarded a base of justice, that is, whatever, is in accordance with religion is justice. Therefore, Plato has termed justice as quality of soul. As per the conception of Plato, justice is a self-character of an individual and a desired quality of political society. Justice is also an element capable to influence moral, social and political decisions and discourse.

At present times, appropriateness of the above thoughts is in basic form. Human is a rational social creature. He is bound in rules and laws and therefore he is under legal justice, but spirituality, good character, self-contemplation etc. are universal things and those who follow these will surely follow justice.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 5.
How does the concept of justice given by utilitarian differ from traditional point of views?
Answer:
The concept of justice given by utilitarian is different from traditional point of views in the following ways :

S.No. Traditional point of view Utilitarian point of view
1. Justice is moral and legal. The meaning of justice is to follow rules.
2. Character, quality, relevance etc. are the sources of justice. Public utility is the only source of justice.
3. Distribution of public goods and services should be in proportionate form on the basis of qualification. Distribution of public goods and services should be on the basis of utility. “Maximum pleasure to maximum persons” is the base of justice.
4. The supporters of traditional point of view are Plato, Aristotle etc. The supporters of utilitarian point of view are David Humes, H Bentham, JS Mill etc.

Question 6.
Summarize John Rawls views about justice.
Answer:
The famous book of john Rawls is ‘The Theory of justice”. In this book, he has analysed social justice in modem context. He has objected to the justice-related traditional thoughts. Rawls’s justice related thoughts are based on two concepts :
1. Every person has equal right to get equal fundamental freedom, which all should get equally.
2. Social and economic disparities should be arranged in such a way that:

  • The most backward persons should get maximum benefit, and
  • Every individual, in the situation of equality of proper opportunity, should have assignment and repute.

Rawls has endeavoured to present the principle of justice on priority basis and therefore he says that there should be restriction on freedom for the protection of freedom. Rawls regards such a principle as the best for the society, whereas the people themselves accept the veil of ignorance. In this situation, every person is basically overwhelmed with moral powers and he becomes a moral person.

Question 7.
Comment on the universal and firm elements of justice.
Answer:
In both the thoughts – Western and Indian, character has been given an important place in the form of universal and firm elements of justice. It is such an element, which is universal and firm. The attitude of a good-character man, his daily routine, his ideals have been exemplary and will remain so in future too.

In Indian tradition, religion has been regarded ideal. Religion refers to duty. It is regarded that a person, doing his destined work and does not interfere into the works of others, is doing work of justice.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

According to Aristotle,
“Whatever is proper and legal, equal and appropriate is in accordance with justice. It is an universal concept.”

The concept of modem thinker, David Humes, is of ‘public utility’. According to him, whatever gives maximum benefit to maximum persons is justice. John Stuart Mill too has regarded utility a criteria of justice. These conceptions are universal and firm, which can never be negated.

Question 8.
“Social and political justice is meaningless in the absence of economic justice”. Explain.
Answer:
Social justice emphasizes on such a system in society in which there is no discrimination amongst individuals on the basis of social status and each person gets full opportunity to develop his/her personality. Political justice should be based on equality. In a state system, all persons should have equal rights and opportunities. Political justice rejects discrimination and inequality.

It is a reality that social justice and political justice are incomplete until each man gets full opportunities of development of his personality. Until man is backward from economic point of view, social and political justice are useless and they are only the imaginations.

Question 9.
Basically justice is a moral principle which has been explained by various thinkers in their own manner. Explain.
Answer:
Justice is directly related to morality. Any person, having thoughts, behaviour, attitude and work in accordance with moral rules, is regarded as being a justified person. Therefore, in the beginning a justified and good character person was talked about. According to Indian tradition, a person having religious orientation cannot go immoral.

Other thinkers, such as David Humes, John Stuart Mill etc. have also stressed a system for distribution of public goods and services for maximum persons. All these justice related thoughts indicate that justice is fundamentally a moral principle wherein public welfare has been given top priority.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you understand by justice? Explain the traditional theory of justice.
Answer:
Justice has been defined in different ways by different thinkers. Spirit of justice binds people in discipline so that while respecting others’ rights, they are devoted to their own duties as well. Since ancient times, concept of justice has been an important subject of political thought. Different political thinkers have given different definitions of justice :

According to Plato :
“To work what is designated by a person and not to interfere into others’ works is justice.”

According to Aristotle :
“The only base of origin of justice is public utility.”

According to Saint Augustine :
“Justice is embedded in spending systematic and disciplined life and following those duties, which a system demands for.”

Traditional Theory of Justice :
In the traditional theory of justice, justice is defined against the assumption of good virtues, good character, good deeds, spirituality and appropriateness of a human. All works which are upto the marks on these attributes are called in accordance with justice. According to Plato, ‘Justice is virtue of a soul.” The way the rule of justice balances all the sides of human personality, exactly in the same way, the pervasive rule in the society establishes coordination in all the three classes – rulers, soldiers and producers.

According to Aristotle, whatever is appropriate and legal, which has faith in equal and appropriate distribution, is justice. Saint Augustine regards justice an inevitable element. In the thoughts related to the initial convention of justice, human’s morality, his virtues and natural elements as having been given by God, are thought to be conception of justice.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 2.
Summarize the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle on Justice.
Answer:
With the help of the following points, the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle can be classified. The thoughts of Plato on Justice : It was Plato who is the first in presenting thoughts on justice. The main base of his contemplation is the conceptuality of justice. The main creation of Plato is ‘Republic’, in which nature of justice and its related subjects are elaborated. Plato regards justice a cognate quality of a person. According to Plato, “Justice is such a virtue by which a person is inspired to find good out of welfare of all”. Justice is a convention whereby a person performs his designated duties without interfering into others’ deeds. Plato defines two forms of Justice :

  1. Personel justice,
  2. Social or State-related justice.

In order to establish system of Justice, Plato categories citizens in three – groups – ruler class, soldier class and producer class. If all these three organs work with dedication, there would be system of justice on its own. According to Plato unnecessary interference in the works of others is harmful both for a man and a state. Justice in soul balances all the sides of a human personality. Plato propagated the theory of justice as a moral principle.

Thoughts of Aristotle on Justice :
Like Plato, Aristotle too regards justice a mandatory, attribute for a state. According to Aristotle, justice is regulation of human conventions. He believes that the existence of a state comes into being on account of concept of justice in people. According to Aristotle, whatever is equal and appropriate, legal and proper is included in justice. Besides, he also stresses that whatever is wrong has a probability of reforms.
Aristotle defines two distinctions of justice :

  1. Distribution or Political justice, and
  2. Corrective justice.

The theory of distributive justice is that the filling of political posts should be on the basis of capability of a citizen and services rendered for a state; and according to concept of equality, the benefit and responsibility should be in proportion to his capacity and capability. In corrective justice, it is the responsibility of a state that it should protect life, property, honour and liberty of every individual. Aristotle terms the system as corrective justice to the protection of rights of persons acquired from distributive justice.

Question 3.
In your option, what is similarity and dissimilarity between Indian and Western concepts of justice? Deliberate.
Answer:
The following analysis can be done in respect of similarity and dissimilarity of Indian and Western concepts of Justice :
Similarity :

  1. Western and Indian thinkers have accepted the impartiality of justice as an important factor in political system.
  2. In both the concepts, there has been emphasis on compliance of duty of an individual.
  3. According to both the concepts, to perform designated works by an individual and not to interfere into others’ works is justice.
  4. Like Western thinkers, ancient Indian thinkers, Manu and Kautilya, have also emphasised on impartiality and truthfulness of justice.
  5. Both the concepts have similarity in respect of protection of life and property of the people, and to punish those who spread disorder and are anti-social.
  6. The concept of religion available in ancient Indian political and social philosophy is quite similar to the principle of justice of Plato.

Dissimilarity :

  1. In Western tradition, the form of justice is analysed on the basis of qualities of a good character person, whereas in Indian philosophy, religion, itself, is recognised in the form of justice.
  2. Whereas the concept of justice of Plato was basically political and social, on the other hand, in Indian philosophy, justice was accepted in legal form.

Question 4.
Explain different forms of justice.
Answer:
Different forms of Justice :
Traditionally, two concepts of justice have been prevalent Moral and Legal. But at present, justice is being accepted in wider perspective. Social and economic justice is being given more preference over legal justice.

Different forms of justice are as follows :
1. Moral Justice :
Moral justice is based on morality. This justice is referred to by some natural rules and natural rights. When the behaviour of an individual is virtuous and social, then it is called moral justice. When the attitude and behaviour of an individual is beyond morality, then it is against moral justice. Since ancient time to till date, all thinkers have regarded qualities, truthfulness, non-violence, compassion, liberty’ and commitment – as moral principles.

2. Legal Justice :
In legal justice, all those rules and laws are included, which are expected to be complied with.
Two factors are important in it :

  • laws should be judicious,
  • implementation of laws should be in judicial manner.

Besides, whoever dares to violate laws should be given punishment without any discrimination.

3. Political Justice :
Political justice means participation of people in state affairs. Right to vote, equal rights to all on governmental posts, right to contest elections etc. are included in political justice. Equality is very important in political justice. This rejects discrimination and unequality. It is based on the welfare to all. This type of justice is possible only in democratic system. The realization of political justice can be there through constitution and constitutional governance. Not to provide any special right to any specific class is a main quality of political justice.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

4. Social Justice :
Social justice emphasizes on such a system in society in which there is no discrimination between individuals on the basis of social status and each person gets full opportunity to develop his personality. Political thinker, John Rawls, has provided special importance to social justice.

5. Economic Justice :
The purpose of economic justice is to bring about economic equality in society. The principle of economic justice emphasises that at the time of distribution of economic resources, state system should take into consideration economic condition of an individual. Economic justice stresses to reduce gap between the rich and the poor.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who wrote ‘Republic’?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) St. Augustine
(d) Hobbes
Answer:
(b) Plato

Question 2.
‘Justice is regulation of human relations’. Who said this?
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Hobbes
(d)J.S. Mill
Answer:
(b) Aristotle

Question 3.
‘Theory of divine state’ is related to :
(a) Aristotle
(b) Karl Marx
(c) David Humes
(d) St. Augustine
Answer:
(d) St. Augustine

Question 4.
Who is regarded the father of utilitarianism?
(a) Thomas Acquinas
(b) Hobbs
(c) J.S. Mill
(d) Jeremi Bentham
Answer:
(d) Jeremi Bentham

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 5.
The author of ‘A Theory of Justice’ is :
(a) David Humes
(b) John Rawls
(c) Aristotle
(d) Karl Marx
Answer:
(b) John Rawls

Question 6.
‘Blinds of Ignorance’ theory is propagated by :
(a) John Rawls
(b) Kautilya
(c) Jeremi Bentham
(d) Kant
Answer:
(a) John Rawls

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define justice as per Plato.
Answer:
According to Plato, “To perform designated work by an individual and not to interfere unnecessarily into the deeds of others, is justice.

Question 2.
Which political thinker regards justice as cognate quality in his philosophy?
Answer:
Plato.

Question 3.
Name any four Western political thinkers who have given important place to justice in their philosophy.
Answer:

  1. Plato,
  2. Aristotle
  3. Augustine
  4. Hobbes.

Question 4.
Define two forms of justice of Plato.
Answer:

  1. Personal justice,
  2. Social or State related justice.

Question 5.
Define the three elements embedded in human soul in accordance with the justice theory of Plato.
Answer:
Plato, in his theory of justice has described three elements in human soul – Greed, Bravery and Intellect.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 6.
According to Aristotle, justice is related to what?
Answer:
According to Aristotle, justice is related to the regulation of human relations.

Question 7.
What is distributive justice of Aristotle?
Answer:
According to distributive justice of Aristotle, filling of political posts should be in accordance with qualification of citizens and service rendered by them for the state.

Question 8.
What does corrective justice mean as per Aristotle?
Answer:
Corrective justice of Aristotle implies to the curb of “Abuses” of rights of citizens by other persons.

Question 9.
What is the responsibility of a state of corrective justice of Aristotle?
Answer:
In the corrective justice of Aristotle, it is the responsibility of the state to protect life, property, liberty and honour of persons.

Question 10.
Name two Christian thinkers of medieval period, who have presented concepts of justice.
Answer:
These thinkers are :

  1. Saint Augustine
  2. Thomas Aquinas.

Question 11.
Who propagated the theory of divine state?
Answer:
St. Augustine.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe any five characteristics of justice as per Plato.
Answer:
Characteristics of Justice : Justice has been explained by different schools as per their convictions. Plato has defined the following five features of justice :

  1. Justice is cognate quality of a person.
  2. Justice is a virtue because of which a person invents his good in the welfare of all.
  3. Plato regards justice as a political and moral belief.
  4. Justice, besides being own character of a person, is a desired quality of society.
  5. Justice is an element which affects the process of moral, social and political decisions.

Question 2.
Clarify the thoughts of Aristotle in relation to distributive justice.
Answer:
The thoughts of Aristotle on Distributive Justice : The concept of Aristotle with regard to the distributive justice is that the distribution of post – glory and property should not be in arithmetic proportion, instead, it should be in geometric proportion. That is to say that all should not get equal share. It should be on the basis of qualification of an individual. In this connection Aristotle has the concept that

  1. Distribution of power and protection should be in accordance with qualification and contribution of an individual.
  2. Aristotle favours proportionate equality.
  3. According to Aristotle, the authority of the state should be given to those having qualification and capability of governance.
  4. Benefit and responsibility should be in proportion to capacity and capability of a person.

Question 3.
What are the duties described by Aristotle for a state in relation to corrective justice?
Answer:
Corrective or reformative justice arranges for ‘curb’ of abuses of citizens’ rights by other persons. In this connection, Aristotle has described the following two duties of a state :

  1. State should protect life, honour, property and liberty of an individual.
  2. State should protect the rights of a person, acquired from distributive justice.

Question 4.
How have utilitarians described justice?
Answer:
Explanation of Justice According to Utilitarians : In utilitarian thinkers, the thoughts of David Humes, Jeremy Bentham andjohn Stuart Mill are referred to in the context of justice. These are their conventions :

  1. According to David Humes, “Public utility should be the sole source of justice.”
  2. According to Jeremy Bentham, “Distribution of public goods and services should be on the basis of utility, whose formula is optimum pleasure to maximum persons.”
  3. John Stuart Mill has regarded justice an important element of social utility. He regards utility fundamental premise of justice.

Question 5.
Clarify the concept of moral justice.
Answer:
Concept of Moral Justice : The fundamental concept of justice is based on morality. Justice and morality have deep mutual relation. Moral justice is directed by some natural rules and natural rights. When an individual has attitude of good character and in accordance with the society, (then) it is called a state of moral justice. When the behaviour and attitude of a person is away from morality, then it is against moral justice. Since ancient time to till date, all political philosophies are in favour of moral theories of qualities – such as truth, non-violance, mercy, compassion, commitment and generosity, etc.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

Question 6.
Describe the sources for acquiring political justice.
Answer:
Source for acquiring political justice : The concept of political justice is based on equality and sameness. In a system of state, all the persons should have equal rights and opportunities. There should not be any unequality of discrimination. All should have fruits of welfare – this concept is related to political justice. The following are the means to get political justice in a democratic system :

  1. Adult Suffrage
  2. Freedom of thoughts, speech and expression.
  3. Right and opportunity to hold public post without any discrimination.
  4. No special privilege to any specific class or person.

Question 7.
Clarify the concept of economic justice.
Answer:
Concept of Economic Justice : The concept of economic justice favours establishment of economic equality in the society, but in practical, it is not possible. The theory of economic justice has conviction that

  1. At the time of distributing economic resources, state system should assess economic condition of an individual.
  2. Economic justice emphasises on mitigating the gap between the rich and the poor.
  3. It stresses to limit personal property. Socialist thinker Karl Marx writes that “the deeper in the economic disparity in the society, the worse is the situation of class-struggle.”

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On what bases, the classification of state and society is done by Plato? Describe.
Answer:
Base of Classification of Society as per Plato : The main base of philosophy of Plato was conceptuality of justice. The landscape of justice clicked by him is an appropriate example of traditional outlook. Plato has emphasised on duties of citizens for the purpose of establishing justice. Plato, in parts : I, II, III and IV of his bok ‘Republic’, has interestingly detailed the justice. Plato recognises the theory of justice as a moral principle.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

He regards two forms of justice :

  1. Personal justice and
  2. Social and state-related justice.

Plato has described three elements of human soul:

  1. Intellect,
  2. Bravery and
  3. Greed.

On the basis of quantity of these elements, he classifies state and society in the following three categories :

  • Ruler or Guardian Class :
    This is the most influential class of the society. This represents the whole state or society. In this class, the quantum of intellect is maximum.
  • Soldier Class or Defender Class :
    This class is of middle level. Its duty is to protect entire state or society. In this class, quantum of bravery is maximum.
  • Producer or Auxiliary Class :
    This is the lowest class of the society. This can also be called base class. In this class, the elements of compulsive desire and greed are found in abundance.

According to Plato, all the persons have the quantum of these elements in varying degrees, but the persons having the prominence of any element will behave likewise traits. Plato argues that if all these three classes perform their duties faithfully, the system of state will get judicial. Interference into other’s works unnecessarily will prove to be ominous for both- individual as well as state.

Question 2.
Describe historical development of justice.
Answer:
The historical development of justice can be described with the help of the following points:
(i) Plato’s theory of Justice :
First of all, the thoughts of justice were presented by Plato, the Greek philosopher. Plato in his book ‘Republic’ elaborately describes the nature of justice and its related subjects. According to Plato, justice is such a virtue by which a person searches his good from the welfare of all.

According to the convention of Plato, justice is a concept, wherein every person performs his designated task and does not intervene into the tasks of others. Plato regards two forms of justice – personal justice and social or state-related justice. According to Plato, like the justice embedded in human soul balances different sides of personality, in the similar way, justice pervaded in the state makes coordination among ruler class, soldier class and producer class of the society.

(ii) Aristotle’s theory of Justice :
Like Plato, Aristotle also regards justice an important element for a state.
According to Aristotle, the justice is regulated by human emotions. A state comes into existence only after the eruption of justice in people’s mind. Whatever is equal, judicious, appropriate is included in justice. According to Aristotle, justice is of two types :

  1. Distributive or political justice,
  2. Corrective justice.

Distributive justice emphasises that filling of political posts should be on the basis of equality of citizens and services rendered by them. In corrective justice, it is duty of a state to protect life, property, honour and liberty of an invidual.

Justice-related thoughts in Medieval Period :
In medieval period, different Christian thinkers defined the justice in different ways. Saint Augustine presented concept of divine state and regarded justice an important element. Thomas Aquinas regards equality, the base of justice. He says, ‘Justice is embedded in spending a systematic and disciplined life and obeyance of duties, which a system demands for.”

Justice-related Concept in Modern Period :
The main proponents of justice-related Concepts in modem times are David Humes, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill etc. According to Humes, public utility is the sole source of justice. Jeremy Bentham, proponent of utilitarianism, says that distribution of public goods and services should be on the basis of utility .John Stuart Mill regards justice an important element of social utility.

Justice-related throughts of John Rawls :
He has analysed justice in modem context in his book “A Theory of Justice”. Rawls regards the most appropriate justice to a theory wherein people accept ‘blinds of ignorance’ on their own.

Justice-related Concept in Indian Political Philosophy :
Manu, Kautilya, Shukra, Vidura, etc. regard justice a soul of state. Manu and Kautilya emphasise on impartiality and truth in justice and say that the king, who cannot arrange a system of justice to his subjects, does not deserve to live.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 1 Justice

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science