RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Marxism

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Marxism

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Text book Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who is considered the main promoter of Marxism?
(a) J. Fourier
(b) Karl Marx
(c) M.M. Rai
(d) Lui Block
Answer:
(b) Karl Marx

Question 2.
The exponent of a practical plan based on the analysis of socialism is by :
(a) Jainie
(b) Ram Manohar Lohiae
(c) Karl Marx
(d) Teylor
Answer:
(c) Karl Marx

Question 3.
From the influence of which thinker did Karl Marx adopt the idea of dialectical materialism?
(a) Angels
(b) John Silmendi
(c) Simon
(d) Hegel
Answer:
(d) Hegel

Question 4.
Which of the following ideas does not match with Marxism?
(a) Central Organised State
(b) Concept of Class-Struggle
(c) Principle of Surplus Value
(d) Materialistic Interpretation of History
Answer:
(a) Central Organised State

Question 5.
Existence of which class in society, had been accepted by Karl Marx?
(a) Medium and capitalist
(b) Proletariat and Capitalist
(c) Low and medium
(d) Exploited Class
Answer:
(b) Proletariat and Capitalist

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Karl Marx’s closest friend?
Answer:
Fredric Angels.

Question 2.
Mention the names of any two books of Marks.
Answer:
Deis Capital and ‘Communist Manifesto’.

Question 3.
Which thinker considers religion like opium?
Answer:
Karl Marx.

Question 4.
Which class is considered by Marx, protected the state?
Answer:
Capitalist class.

Question 5.
In which country has the highest impact of Marx’s views been seen in the present world ?
Answer:
Soviet Union.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1
What is the concept of class struggle?
Answer:
Marx is of the opinion that since ancient times there have been two classes in society : Vulnerable and Exploited class. A key feature in every era is that one class remains the centre to the means of production and the other class remains weak or exploited. Being teased by vulnerable class, dissatisfaction arises in exploited class and thus class struggle situation originates. The society of the era is also modern divided in two great classes- the capitalist and the proletariat group, The conflict is going on in both of these.

The recognition of class struggle :

1. Faith in change.
2. Proletariat group has to be organised
3. Change in the development of the means of production.
4. End of capitalist system by the revolution of proletariat group etc.

Question 2.
According to Marx, how many stages of human history are there? Write their names.
Answer:
On the basis of physical production, Marx has divided human history in six eras or ages :

• Primitive era :
  It is the first era of human history. In this era the methods of production were very easy. There was equality everywhere. It is called primitive communist era.
• Slavery era :
  In this era, farming originated. Two classes, owner and slaves were there. The owner had full control over slaves.
• Era of communist method :
  In this era the feud have the right over the means of production. In these, semi- slave farmers were under the control of feuds.
• Capitalist era :
  These comprises of two classes : capitalist and labour.
• Proletariat :
  It is the 5th era, when labours will establish there right over the means of production and then capitalism will come to end.
• Communist era :
  This era will be classless, stateless, and exploitationless.

Question 3.
Why is Marx considered to be the promoter of systematic scientific socialism?
Answer:
Marx along with his friend Angel while analysing the philosophy, history, sociology, science, economics on different and serious problem, put a new outlook of certain conception before the world. This outlook or opinion is known as Marxism in the world. Marx rendered socialism based on historical studies. Marx, while rendering the scientific socialism, presented a practical plan based on the analyses of socialism establishment. This is called scientific socialism and on it basis, Marx is known as the founder of scientific socialism.

Question 4.
What are the main sources of Marxism philosophy?
Answer:
Main sources are given below :

• German scholars influence :
  Marx adopted Heige’s dialectical method for the development of society. He adopted the idea of materialism from young Heiglist Firebakh.
• Social economical situations :
  The exploiting character of immediate capitalist society inspired Marx to present revolutionary views.
• British economists concern :
  Marx founded the theory of additional value on the basis of the labour’s major theories of British economists Adam Smith, Recardo etc.

Question 5.
Summarize the theory of Surplus/Additional Value of Marx.
Answer:
To tell about the labour exploitation by capitalists, Marx propounded ‘the theory of additional value’ in his famous book ‘Das Capital’. In this theory Marx told mainly two things : value and object. The capitalist class arranges raw material and factory and employs the labour class Only for a few hours, and pays them a fixed amount as a payment of this labour. Labourers’ hard work results in the formation of an object or a thing. After manufacturing, the capitalist sells this goods in market with profit. This increased wealth belonging to the capitalist. This is called surplus/additional value. According to Marx, this additional wealth is the difference between exchange value and production value. This additional/surplus value is actually the earning of labours which goes to capitalists’ account.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Marxism concept gives a new direction to political thought Do You agree with it ? Comment in detail.
Answer:
We are completely agree with the fact that Marxist concept gives new direction to political thought, which can be clarified through following facts :

• Providing base to different thoughts :
  Marxist’s conception gives base to different conceptions, and they are not misguided. On the basis of Marxist conception help is gained to understand the concept of political, social, economist and other fields.
• Economic development :
  Political, legal, religious, literary and artistic development etc. are based on economic development. They all influence each other. Economic need, which at last certifies its own importance, all other factors interact with it.
• Challenge to liberalism :
  Marxist concept challenges the liberalism and gives new direction to politics
• Scientific interpretation of socialism :
  Rendering the scientific socialism first, Marx presented a practical plan based for the analyses of communalism establishment. On this basis, Marx thought political aspect.
• New sensation in labour class :
  On the basis of Marxjs opinion in society, labour class became conscious for their rights and better life so that all labours struggle and demand for the increment of wages for their development.

Question 2.
How is the theory of surplus (additional) value of Marx relevant in the present perspective ? Evaluate it
Answer:
Some economist have criticized Marx’s theory of surplus (additional) value. According to them, this theory does not seem relevant at present. The criticism given by them can be understood through the following facts :

• Lack of scientific knowledge :
  Scientists say that Marx’s theory of additional value is not real. It can be used to show that labours are exploited in capitalism.. This theory is not based on any certain scientific base.
• Neglect of capital :
  Marx’s statement that only labour is the producer of value is wrong. In fact, capital is needed to produce value. Without capital, there is no value of labour.
• Special stress on revolution :
  In this theory, Marx told that revolution is the only solution of labour’s problem. This is not right.
• Special stress on labour’s strength :
  Marx gives special stress on the labour’s strength but he forgets that her much strength has decreased because it cannot be measured. Its price cannot be measured or certified by its production expense.
• Immaterialism of theory :
  This theory is immaterial. In this method, we can only understand as to how labours are exploited by capatalists.
• Principle of exploitation :
  It is shown in this theory that capitalists exploit labour. Thus, it is said that ‘It is not the principle of value but in fact, it is the theory of exploitation.

Thus, it is clear by above mentioned facts that the principles given by Marx, the relevance of surplus/additional value remains very less.

Question 3.
Explain the concept of dialectical materialism.
Answer:
Dialectical materialism is the main base of Marx’s whole philosophy. Dialectical materialism generally explains in detail the common rules of history’s development. Marx accepted the dialectical materialism from Hegel’s philosophy but explained it through his own view.

Marx was a materialistic thinker, thus he accepted dialectical theory in evolutionism but did not give any importance to conception or soul. Marx wrote clearly that Hegel has neglected real material world. According to Marx, everything that exists is material. Material power, which is the form of root is the process of development. Marx’s idea is that the development is not from the conscious side towards the root but from the root towards the conscious side. According to Marx, whatever new ideas are originated in the world, are the result of the clash of opposite ideas. He is of the opinion, that an individual is always at war and struggle with other for his existence.

Thus, a competition is always found in between. And consequently, these conceptions generate to new ideas. Thus human society keeps to develop continuously. Marx is of the opinion that the truth related to the object of contemplation can be invented only on the basis of physical materials or objects. He thinks that the object of the material world and the incidents are based on one another. Changes always take place in material world. In this change, some attitudes end and some develop and some are repeated. Thus, Marx says that the process of debate that goes through the physical path leads to new ideas. This process of development continues.

Thus, according to Marx’s conception of dialectical material theory, society develops with the fulfillment of material objects. These material objects are the base of Marx’s theory.

Question 4.
Describe the relevance of the Marxist concept in the current perspective.
Answer:
It is true that Marx has presented a scientific study of the society, giving importance to the behaviour of spirituality. But there are demerits in his principles, consequently in present perspective, the relevance of Marxist concept seems to be getting weak and we can clarify it through following ways :

1. Marx’s dialectical materialism concept is impure and doubtful. Marx is of the opinion that counter argument and co-ordination are different, but it is not like this. For example, a grain is sown, there as no qualitative difference in it and the grains got from. Thus Marx’s theory is doubtful.
2. Marx says, that the last goal of development is to establish a classless society. But what would be the form of social system in this society, he does not clarify it.
3. Marx classified history into six parts on the source basis of economic production and he divides the society into two parts in different eras. For example, slavery system was not there in India before feudalism and history also does not confirm it.
4. Marx emphasized on stateless society and he believed that proletariat class’s heroism would establish it later on, but it seems imaginary because in communist countries, states are becoming more powerful in place of the end of their existence.
5. Marx thinks that in capitalist system after the strife of capitalist labours, the authoritarianism of the workers will be established, but wherever there is communism in the world, capitalism was not there. Thus, his prediction proved wrong.
6. This prediction of Marxism has also been proved wrong that socialism is established after the collapse of capitalism. Nowadays in capitalist countries this system is stregthened rather than weakening. Socialism originated in the countries where capitalism is not developed.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Other Important Questions

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
Who rendered scientific socialism?
(a) Marx
(b) Angles
(c) Mao
(d) Lenin
Answer:
(a) Marx

Question 2.
Marxism is the form of :
(a) Group
(b) Society
(c) Organization
(d) Class
Answer:
(b) Society

Question 3.
Where was Marx born?
(a) France
(b) Britain
(c) Germany
(d) London
Answer:
(c) Germany

Question 4.
In which year Marx died?
(a) 1880
(b) 1881
(c) 1882
(d) 1883
Answer:
(d) 1883

Question 5.
In which year Marx got married?
(a) 1843
(b) 1844
(c) 1845
(d) 1846
Answer:
(a) 1843

Question 6.
Recardo was a :
(a) Socialist
(b) Economist
(c) Psychologist
(d) Politician
Answer:
(b) Economist

Question 7.
According to Marx stages have passed.
(a) Five
(b) Four
(c) Three
(d) Two
Answer:
(c) Three

Question 8.
The steps of Marxism program are :
(a) Six
(b) Five
(c) Four
(d) Three
Answer:
(d) Three

Question 9.
Russian revolution is :
(a) a Book
(b) an Organization and Political Phenomena
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) a Book

Question 10.
Which year was ‘The German Ideology’ published?
(a) 1843
(b) 1844
(c) 1845
(d) 1846
Answer:
(c) 1845

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which of his book Marx mentioned the principle of social change?
Answer:
‘Criticism of the political economics’.

Question 2.
Who rendered the scientific socialism?
Answer:
Karl Marx.

Question 3.
From whom Marx adopted the principles of dialectical?
Answer:
Hegel.

Question 4.
Before Marx, the thinkers of which country expressed ideas about socialism?
Answer:
The thinkers of Britain and France.

Question 5.
With whom and when did Marx get married with?
Answer:
In 1843 at the age of 25, he got married with Jainie.

Question 6.
On the basis of principle of labour, which principle was rendered by Marx?
Answer:
Theory of additional (surplus) value.

Question 7.
What is the major base of Marx’s contemplation?
Answer:
Dialectical materialism.

Question 8.
To whom Hegel considered main element?
Answer:
Sensation or Vishvatma.

Question 9.
According to Marx how many parts of society are there?
Answer:
Two parts : base and infrastructure.

Question 10.
According to dialectical, how is the position of world?
Answer:
The world is free.

Question 11.
What is the meaning of struggle?
Answer:
Dissatisfaction, aggression and non-cooperation.

Question 12.
Whose book is ‘Evolutionary Society’?
Answer:
It is the book of Burnstein which was published in 1899.

Question 13.
What is Marx’s recogntion regarding democracy, religion and nationalism?
Answer:
Marx considered them the source of exploitation.

Question 14.
What is Marx’s message to labours?
Answer:
The labours of whole world become one. According to Marx, there is no country for labours.

Question 15.
What is Marx’s conception about religion?
Answer:
He coined the term ‘Opium’ to religion.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Before Karl Marx, which thinkers talked about change in economic and social system. How does Marx differ from them?
Answer:
Marx is not the first thinker to talk about the change in social and economic system. Before Marx, the ideas of Britain and France thinkers have been expressed. In France there were: Nayale, Banif, St. Simon, Charles Forier, and Lui Block, and in England, there were :John D. Selmende, Dr. Haal, Thompson, and Rovert Ovan. These thinkers were bitter critics of difference in wealth, free competition, and state politics in economic fields. But they did not tell the reason of the difference nor did they tell about any solution. Marx first presented a practical plan by rendering scientific socialism to establish socialism.

Question 2.
Give a short description of Marxism.
Answer:
In 19th century in Germany, there were two great thinkers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. They both put the new outlook about philosophy, history, sociology, science, economics and different problems before the world. This view and conception is known as Marxism in the world. In this conception, the contribution of Engels is important. In it, the contempletation of political aspect is chiefly done by Marx.

Question 3.
Mention essential elements of dialectical materialism.
Answer:
Essential Elements :

• Root nature :
  According to Marx, the main cause of the world is the root of nature.
• Struggle :
  The cause of development : In nature, struggle is the only cause of development, or struggle between dispute is the result of development.
• Qualitative and qualitative change :
  Firstly, the transformation of change is quantative and than qualitative, as the water first heats then evaporates.
• Natural timely unity :
  Nature’s all objects are associated to one another, means timely unity is found among them, means, there should have been an equality between them.
• Face of nature :
  Chemical changes are there in all objects of nature.

Question 4.
Criticize the principles of additional (surplus) value.
Answer:

• Theory of exploitation :
  According to this theory, the capitalists exploit the labours. They consume the wages of their hard work.
• Immaterialism of theory :
  This principle is immaterial. This principle can be understood easily without understanding it, that why and how do capitalists exploit the labours.
• Neglect of capital :
  Marx’s statement that labour is the producer of value is wrongs of course, to produce value, capital is needed.

Question 5.
Throw light on the drawbacks of Marx’s classless society.
Answer:
The classless society which Marx has imagined is an ideal society, yet criticism has been done on the following bases :
Classless society is only an imagination of Marx, whose formation is not possible in modem era. If there is a fault in capitalist system and class struggle is firm, why is capitalist society getting more powerful. The answer of this question is not found in Marx’s ideas.

Marx’s conception of classless society does not seem possible from modem era point of view, because ending the inequality is impossible from practical point of course in primitive communist age, whose Marx considers equal to classless society, differences are found among big and small hunters, sex and age, high and low. Thus, Marx’s conception of classless society being ideal only is an imagination.

Question 6.
On the subject of state, mention four characteristics of Marx’s principles.
Answer:
Following are the characteristics :

1. Marx considers the state the puppet at the hands of capitalist and their armour with whose help, the capitalists protect their interests.
2. Marx considers the state an oppressive organization, which gives birth to class struggle.
3. State is the presentation and origin of class struggle because in primitive communist era, which was classless, state was not found. State is originated only due to class struggle.
4. Marx considers the end of the state only by revolution. There will be no need of state in classless society because it does not provide protection to the interests of any class nor any exploitation. For labours, the classless society would be like a heaven.

Question 7.
Describe Marxism contribution to political contempletation.
Answer:
In politics contempletation, Marxism has given important contribution. It has presented a new outlook to understand the world.

1. Marxism presents a practical and scientific plan of socialism.
2. Marxism presented a new sensation in labour class.
3. Marxism presents a base to different conceptions.
4. Challenge to liberalism.
5. Marx presents a real picture of the society.

Question 8.
Give two practical examples of Marxism’s influence.
Answer:
To bring socialism, a well matured and solid program was presented by Marx which caused a new sensation in the world. By making the base of Marx’s ideas, Lenin in 1917, while establishing a communist rule in Soviet Union, gave a practical base to Marx’s ideas.

On the basis of this idea, Moates Tung established communist rule in China by making the base of this conception in 1949. Due to Marxism, capitalism tried to reform itself and the conception of public welfare state came into being.

RBSE Class 12 Political Science Chapter 10 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Critically explain the theory of class struggle.
Answer:
Karl Marx rendered the theory of class-struggle. Its criticism can be done in following ways.

• Stress on exploitation :
  This theory indicates the method of exploitation from man to man.
• Brith of hate :
  This principle sows the seed of hate.
• Encouragement to non-violence:
  This principle gives rise to violent revolution.
• Principle of opposition :
  This is the principle of opposition in place of cooperation because this principle causes opposite feeling in labour class against capitalist class so that labour class can revolt against capitalists.
• Inspiration of organization :
  The theory of class struggle inspires labour class to form an organization against capitalist class.
• Lack of historicality :
  This class struggle is not proper from historical point of view. In this theory, stress is given on the continuity of rich and poor class. But in history, such example is not seen where we can see closeness between rich and poor.
• Fictitious society :
  This society will be founded after classless society. This statement of Marx is almost imaginary because after the destruction of capitalism there will be an organization of labours, this is not compulsory.
• Destruction of capitalism is impossible :
  This opinion of Marx is not true that capitalism will destroy automatically after reaching on the summit of development. Even today, the existance of capitalism can be seen anywhere.

Question 2.
Throw light on the merits of capitalism.
Answer:
The following are the merits of capitalism :

• Growth in production :
  Inspired by the feeling of profit, everyone wants to do the best work in capitalism system. Consequendy, production is qualitatively good and more.
• Growth in life-style :
  Along with qualitative reform and consequential growth of the production, the living standard of individuals in capitalist countries becomes high.
• Flexibilities :
  Capitalism economy is flexible. Due to this quality, it is present even today. According to changing situations, production method, management and working style changes and this system becomes favourable to time.
• Development of several feelings :
  Capitalist system encourages discipline and team feelings.
• Freedom :
  In this system, each person, along with political freedom, gets economic freedom (commercial, censor and selection related).
• Self operating :
  This system remains self active. Determination of economic actions, consumption and delivery decisions are made by value machine. In this system, the value machine works like an invisible power.
• Optimal use of instruments :
  In this system, the economic resources are used with profitable method. To increase profit, capitalist uses new method of production and searches out the new method to use residual substances.
• Victory of the fittest :
  This system is based on the theory of ‘victory of the fittest’. Due to competition, maximum gain goes to expert labour or capitalist manager or producer.
• Person inspection :
  In capitalist system, the production work is done under proper supervision, responsibility, control.
• Democratic form :
  In the lack of central planning, the nature of capitalist system is democratic. In this system, the consumer is like a king on whose choice and demand, the production work is done.
• Encouragement to capital accumulation :
  In this system, there is a right of personal property. Thus, promotion is given to saving, appropriation and capital formation on whose base quick economic development is possible.
• Bearing risk :
  In this system, the courageous person thinks that profit is impossible without risk, so spirit of initiative is found among the producers. This gives promotion to new experiments, researches and discoveries.

Question 3.
Describe the demerits of capitalist system.
Answer:
Following are the demerits of capitalist system :

• Unequal distribution of wealth and income :
  In capitalist system, unequal distribution is not confined upto property, but people’s income become unequal. This unquality of income and property give birth to economic exploitation.
• Heartbroken human oppression :
  The kind of life, the capitalists lead, pains the heart. In this system, merciless exploitation of children, neglect of old, disable and ill and economic disparity are found on social relations.
• Social parasitism :
  In capitalist system, several people lead luxurious life without any labour. This unearned income creates unequality in the society.
• Lack of harmony :
  In this system, there is no such kind of institution or officer who can bring harmony in different economic decisions. Lack of ‘Order’ is found in such economy.
• Neglect of social welfare :
  In capitalist system, production is done for individual profit and, not for social welfare. Industrialists do not have any kind of sympathy with labours. Consequently, there is always a need of labour welfare and social security.
• Economic stability :
  Due to complete harmony between demand and supply, the capitalist system becomes a prey of unstability. Industrialists do not produce things keeping in view of demand, but have the aim to earn maximum profit. Consequently, due to wrong calculation of producers, sometimes the position of recession and, unemployment arises and sometimes, the position of inflammation takes place.
• Wastage of financial resources :
  In capitalist system, due to competition, wastage tendency is found. To send the competitors out of market or to hold market, each producer spends a lot of money on advertisement. Fashion related changes by producers are also the wastage of money.
• Establishment of monopolist associations :
  In capitalist system, there is practical or , free competition. But in practical life, monopolist or semi-monopolist organizations are found to be establishing. On the establishment of such organizations, there is exploitation of labour class and on the other hand the consumers are forced to pay high price.

Question 4.
Write short notes on the following :
(a) Dialectical materialism
(b) Dialectical process
(c) Historical materialism.
Answer:
(a) Dialectical materialism :
This is Marx’s foundation of complete contemplation.This principle tries to explain the belief of materialism in combination with dialectical method. In rendering this principle Marx accepted the view of dialecticism from Hegel’s dialectical method, and point of view of materialism from Firebakh. There are two words in dialectical materialism. The first word explains the process according to which the universe is developing and other word informs the main element of materialism universe.

(b) Dialectical process :
Marx’s ideas are based on dialectical method. Hegel assumes that the progress of the society has not been directly revealed but through a Zig Zag way which has three parts: suit, dispute and dialogue. The base of Marx’s method is Hegel’s dialectical philosophy.

(c) Historical materialism :
Historical materialism under Marxism is recognized as complementary principle of dialectical materialism. It is also called economic explanation of history or materialistic explanation of history. In Marxism ideology, like dialectical materialism, the principle of history’s economic explanation is important. Marx is of the opinion that different changes and incidents in human history are caused by material and economic causes. Thus, Marx is not in agreement with persons who consider history a consequence of the works of some particular and great men.

To classify the economic causes on the development of human history, Marx has divided it into six stages-I out of these, three had passed, one is on the move and the rest two are to follow :

1. Primitive communist era
2. Slavery stage
3. Feudal stage
4. Capitalist stage
5. Hero of the proletariat class
6. Communist stage.

RBSE Solutions for Class 12 Political Science