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Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 8 English Grammar Punctuation Marks and Capital Letters
Punctuation Marks का अर्थ है- विराम चिन्ह। ये visual indicators (दृश्य संकेतक) हैं जिन्हें ‘लेखन (written text) या ‘छपाई’ (printed text) में प्रयोग किया जाता है ताकि sentences को या parts of sentences को separate (अलग) किया जा सके। कुछ हद तक यह prosodic devices (छंदशास्त्र की विधाओं—लय, ताल, ठहराव, बल, तीक्ष्णता आदि) से भी सम्बन्धित है। इनका वर्णन निम्न प्रकार है
(1) Full Stop [.]- यह सबसे लम्बे ठहराव को indicate (इंगित करता है।
(i) इसका us: एक साधारण वाक्य (statement), एक अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्न (an indirect question), एक अप्रत्यक्ष विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (an indirect exclamation) के अन्त में किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) I read in VIII class. (at the end of a statement)
(b) She asked who I was. (at the end of an indirect question)
(c) The captain exclaimed they had won. (at the end of an indirect exclamation)
(ii) इसका use एक imperative (आदेशात्मक) Sentence के अन्त में किया जाता है।
(a) Come here.
(iii) यह hour (घण्टों) को minute (मिनट) से separate (अलग) करने को use किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) I reached home at 12.30 in the afternoon.
(iv) Date को month/year से separate करने में इसका use किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) Today’s date is 3.4.2017.
(2) Comma [,]- यह सबसे कम ठहराव को indicate (इंगित करता है। यह हमेशा वाक्य के अन्दर प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।
(i) इसका प्रयोग same class (एक वर्ग) के दो से अधिक शब्दों को separate करने में किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) Sita, Geeta, Rita, and Neeta are friends.
(ii) Vocative Case (संबोधन कारक) में इसका use किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) Ram, come here.
(iii) नाम को degree (उपाधि)/title (पदवी )/ designation (पद) से अलग करने में प्रयोग होता हैं, जैसे
(a) She is Dr. Sandhya Gupta, M.Sc.
(iv) 7 noun/pronoun apposition (अतिरिक्त सूचना/समानाधिकरण) के रूप में use किया। जाता है, जैसे
(a) Beena, a poor man’s daughter, is intelligent,
(v) यह question tag से पूर्व use किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) You are intelligent, aren’t you?
(vi) यह direct speech को reporting verb से अलग करने में use किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) She said, “I am here. “I am here”, she said.
(3) Semicolon [;]- इसमें comma से अधिक किन्तु colon से कम ठहराव है।
(i) यह compound sentence (संयुक्त वाक्य) में Main Clause को separate करता है जब इसमें conjunction नहीं होता है, जैसे
(a) You are highly intelligent; you have been promoted directly to X class.
(4) Colon [:]- इसमें semicolon से अधिक ठहराव है।
(i) स्पष्टीकरण (explanation) देने या further details (आगे की सूचना बताने) देने में इसका प्रयोग किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) I couldn’t read the book: It had many misprints.
(ii) किसी चीज की सूची देने से पूर्व इसका प्रयोग करें, जैसे
(a) The reasons are as follows:
(1) …………… (2) …………… (3) ………………..
(5) Elipsis […]- वक्ता के कथन में व्यवधान (interruption या break) को तीन बिन्दुओं (three dots) द्वारा indicate (इंगित) किया जाता है, जैसे
(a) I tried to answer but…
(6) Question Mark [?]
(i) Direct question के end में, जैसे
(a) What is your name?
(ii) Elliptical question (संक्षिप्त प्रश्न) के end में, जैसे
(a) In problem?
(7) Exclamation Mark [!]
(i) यह एक exclamatory sentence जो joy (प्रसन्नता )/sorrow (दु:ख)/surprise (विस्मय)/ praise (प्रशंसा )/contempt (घृणा) आदि बताते हैं, के अन्त में प्रयोग करते हैं, जैसे
(a) Alas, we have been defeated!
(b) How nice you are!
(8) Quotation Marks/Inverted Commas [“…”] or [‘…’]
(i)Direct Speech में वक्ता के actual words के आरम्भ व अन्त में, जैसे
(a) He said, “I am here.”
(ii) Essays (निबन्धों )/stories (कहानियों)/ poems (कविताओं) आदि के titles (शीर्षकों) को enclose करने के लिए, जैसे
(a) John Keats’ poem “Ode To A Nightingale’ is very good.
(9) Apostrophe [‘]
(i) स्वामित्व (possession) को indicate (इंगित) करने को, जैसे
(a) Ram’s house.
(ii) एक शब्द की contracted form (संक्षिप्त रूप) लिखने को, जैसे
(a) Don’t waste time.
(b) I’m (I am)
(10) Hyphen [-]
(i) 21 से 99 तक के compound fibers (संयुक्त संख्याएँ) लिखने के लिए, जैसे
(a) thirty-five (not thirty-five)
(ii) एक cardinal number (पूर्ण संख्या ) व Ordinal number (क्रमसूचक संख्या) के बीच में, जैसे
(a) one-third
(b) three-fourths
(iii) एक संख्या से लेकर दूसरी संख्या तक इंगित करने वाली दो संख्याओं (two numbers) के बीच, जैसे
(a) 1857-1947
(iv) Compound words में, जैसे
(a) mother-in-law
Capital Letters का प्रयोग
(i) प्रत्येक वाक्य के आरम्भ में, जैसे
(a) She is intelligent.
(ii) Quotation Marks के अन्दर वाले वाक्य के आरम्भ में, जैसे
(a) She said, ‘He is intelligent.’
(iii) Personal Pronoun ‘I’ हमेशा Capital आता है, जैसे
(a) She told me that I was intelligent.
(iv) Proper Noun (नामवाचक संज्ञा) या Proper Adjective (नामवाचक विशेषण) का first letter हमेशा Capital करं, जैसे
(a) Ram, an Indian, lives in India.
(v) Day (दिन), month ( महीना), religion (धर्म), festival (त्यौहार), special Day or occasion (विशेष दिन या अवसर) आदि का first letter, Capital करं, जैसे
(a) Monday
(b) January
(c) Hindu
(d) Diwali
(e) Independence Day
(vi) एक book (पुस्तक), journal (जर्नल), subject (विषय), chapter in a book (पुस्तक का पाठ) आदि के नाम के मुख्य शब्दों के first letters, Capital में लिखें, जैसे
(a) The Geeta
(b) The Public Administration Journal
(c) Chapter 2: At the Seaside
(vii) Political Parties (राजनैतिक दल), Institutions (संस्थान), Abbreviations (संक्षिप्तीकरण) अदि में, जैसे-
(a) The Bhartiya Janta Party
(b) College of Arts
(C) UNO
(viii) Roads/Streets/Colonies के नामें में, जैसे-
(a) Tonk Road
(b) Park Street
(c) Shiv Colony
(ix) Titles (पदवी), degrees (उपाधियाँ), designation (पद) अदि में
(a) Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
(b) Dr. Sandhya Gupta, M.Sc. (c) The Headmaster
Exercise: 1
(Mixed)
Use Punctuation marks such as comma, question marks and the capital letters in the following sentences wherever required.
(निम्न वाक्यों में जहाँ आवश्यक हो विराम चिन्हों जैसे कोमा, प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह तथा बड़े अक्षरों का प्रयोग करें।)
Question 1.
What is your name
Answer:
What is your name?
Question 2.
her mother said “Work hard Geeta”,
Answer:
Her mother said, “Work hard, Geeta”.
Question 3.
are you a student?
Answer:
Are you a student?
Question 4.
Which is the sun city of Rajasthan
Answer:
Which is the sun city of Rajasthan?
Question 5.
“Stop crying, sangita,” said her mother.
Answer:
“Stop crying, Sangita”, said her mother.
Question 6.
do you know how to swim Rashmi?
Answer:
Do you know how to swim, Rashmi?
Question 7.
However, a nine-year-old girl Nivedita could guess the right reason.
Answer:
However, a nine-year-old girl. Nivedita could guess the right reason.
Question 8.
why do you live in such a way
Answer:
Why do you live in such a way?
Question 9.
Animals said “Why do humans trouble us’
Answer:
Animals said, “Why do humans trouble us?
Question 10.
the next day was Sunday.
Answer:
The next day was Sunday.
Question 11.
Children said ‘We love your animals.’
Answer:
Children said, ‘We love you, animals.’
Question 12.
Huttu asked, ‘why are we neglecting each other
Answer:
Huttu asked, “Why are we neglecting each other?
Question 13.
Kalu the bear, shook his head angrily.
Answer:
Kalu, the bear, shook his head angrily.
Question 14.
“why are you alone here asked the officer
Answer:
“Why are you alone here?’ asked the officer
Question 15.
The soldiers found sugar tea chapatis and other things.
Answer:
The soldiers found sugar, tea. chapatis and other things.
Question 16.
Chanakya and Chandragupta went to the villages.
Answer:
Chanakya and Chandragupta went to the villages
Question 17.
“One moment my boys listen,’ said he.
Answer:
‘One moment, my boys, listen, said he.
Question 18.
Where have these provisions come from?
Answer:
Where have these provisions come from?
Exercise: 2
(Based on the textbook)
Use Punctuation marks such as comma, question marks and the capital letters in the following sentences wherever required.
(निम्न वाक्यों में जहाँ आवश्यक हो विराम चिन्हों जैसे कोमा, प्रश्नवाचक चिन्ह तथा बड़े अक्षरों का प्रयोग करें।)
Question 1.
these provisions are good I hope.
Answer:
These provisions are good. I hope.
Question 2.
why have neighbors left the village
Answer:
Why have neighbours left the village?
Question 3.
she said “How should they be otherwise
Answer:
She said “How should they be otherwise?
Question 4.
the Emperor and Chanakya returned to patliputra.
Answer:
The Emperor and Chanakya returned to Patliputra
Question 5.
Chanakya said ‘food is ready Sir.’
Answer:
Chanakya said, ‘food is ready, Sir,
Question 6.
have you got any children
Answer:
Have you got any children?
Question 7.
please come in
Answer:
Please, come in
Question 8.
how could such a thing happy
Answer:
How could such a thing happen?
Question 9.
Is this the wealth of Prime Minister Chanakya
Answer:
Is this the wealth of Prime Minister, Chanakya?
Question 10.
stop crying, Sangeeta.
Answer:
Stop crying, Sangeeta
Question 11.
Sangeeta Roshni Adhi Shri and others were classmates.
Answer:
Sangeeta, Roshni, Adhishri, and others were classmates.
Question 12.
Can I see the manager
Answer:
Can I see the manager?
Exercise: 3
(Based on the textbook)
Rewrite the following sentences, using proper punctuation marks and capital letters :
(उचित विराम-चिह व capital letters लगाकर निम्न वख्यों को पुनः लिखिए)
Question 1.
my stomach ached for ten days
Answer:
My stomach ached for ten days.
Question 2.
that’s a good idea
Answer:
That’s a good idea.
Question 3.
he sobbed and said, ‘No no no…’
Answer:
He sobbed and said, “No… no…no
Question 4.
‘no brother for me it is too late.’
Answer:
‘No brother… for me, it is too late.’
Question 5.
The Officer in Command ordered utmost alert:
Answer:
The Officer-in-Command ordered utmost alert.
Question 6.
‘why are you alone here asked the officer.
Answer:
“Why are you alone here?’, asked the officer.
Question 7.
Wretch’ exclaimed the officer, you have poisoned us’
Answer:
‘Wretch!’ exclaimed the officer, *you have poisoned us?’
Question 8.
why do you live in such a way
Answer:
Why do you live in such a way?
Question 9.
Please don’t worry I shall go there today
Answer:
Please don’t worry; I shall go there today.
Question 10.
The clerks confuse me the windows confuse me everything confuses me.
Answer:
The clerks confuse me; the windows confuse me; everything confuses me.
Question 11.
Are you the manager I said.
Answer:
“Are you the manager?”I said.
Question 12.
thank you, sir.
Answer:
Thank you, sir.
Question 13.
See, how pale you ‘ve become
Answer:
See, how pale you’ve become!
Question 14.
how wonderful Beside the sea?
Answer:
How wonderful! Beside the sea?
Question 15.
the earth without water is difficult to imagine
Answer:
The earth without water is difficult to imagine.
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