Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Class 7 Notes

Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Class 7 Notes

Turning Tides: 11th and 12th Centuries Class 7 Notes

1. Turkic Powers: Refers to the groups originating from Central Asia, particularly the Turkic tribes that invaded and settled in parts of India during the 11th and 12th centuries. They played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of northern India.

2. Cultural Resilience: The ability of Indian society to maintain its cultural identity and traditions despite external invasions and conflicts. This period saw the flourishing of literature, art, and philosophy.

3. Vachanas: A form of rhythmic, free verse poetry in Kannada, associated with the Lingayat movement founded by Basaveshvara. These poems conveyed spiritual and ethical teachings.

4. Bhakti Movement: A religious and social movement emphasising personal devotion to a deity, which gained prominence during this period. It challenged established norms and promoted equality among followers.

5. Kandariya Mahadeva Temple: An architectural marvel built by the Chandella dynasty, exemplifying the intricate temple architecture of the period.

6. Khajuraho.Temples: A group of Hindu and Jain temples in Madhya Pradesh, famous for their intricate sculptures and carvings, constructed by the Chandellas during the 11th and 12th centuries.

7. Somnath Temple: A significant Hindu temple located in Gujarat, which was famously plundered by Mahmũd of Ghazni in 1026, symbolising the conflict between Hindu and Muslim powers.

8. Delhi Sultanate: The Muslim kingdom established in India following the conquests of Muhammad Ghürī. It marked the beginning of a significant Muslim rule in northern India.

9. Turkic Invasions

1. Marked a major phase of foreign penetration into North India
2. Led mainly by Ghaznavids and later Ghurids
3. Faced strong resistance from Indian kingdoms
4. More successful than earlier Arab incursions due to superior military organisation

10. Ghaznavid Dynasty

Mahmud of Ghazni

1. Capital: Ghazna (Afghanistan)
2. Conducted 17 invasions into India
3. Defeated Hindu Shahi rulers Jayapala (1008) and Anandapala
4. Controlled Khyber Pass and Indus plains
5. Motives: plunder + spread of Islam
6. Died in 1030; Salar Masud later attacked Gangetic region

11. Military Campaigns

1. Strategy: rapid marches, cavalry, mounted archers
2. Faced resistance from Chandellas
3. Major conquests:
4. Mathura (1018) - temple destruction, immense wealth looted
5. Kannauj - defeat of Pratihara ruler
6. Somnath (Gujarat) - severe resistance, Siva temple destroyed

12. Impact

1. Mass killings and enslavement
2. Temples looted and destroyed
3. Mahmud portrayed as powerful but ruthless

13. Scholars

1. Al-Biruni: Documented Indian religion, science, culture; noted decline due to invasions
2. Bhaskaracharya: Mathematician (Lilavati, Bijaganita); lasting influence on global mathematics

14. Cultural Developments

Resistance & Resilience

1. Many Indian rulers flourished despite invasions
2. Continued temple building, naval expeditions, and scholarship
3. Poets, philosophers, and scientists remained active

15. Scientific Knowledge

1. - Al-Biruni compared Indian, Greek, and Islamic sciences
2. - Bhaskaracharya's works were student-friendly and influential

16. Impact of Invasions

Destruction

1. Temples destroyed (Mathura, Somnath)
2. Large-scale loss of life and cultural heritage

17. Cultural Exchange

1. Interaction led to exchange of ideas
2. Indian knowledge preserved through translations and writings

18. Eastern India: Political Landscape Sena Dynasty

1. Capital: Nadiya (Bengal)
2. Promoted Hindu thought and Sanskrit literature
3. Patronised Jayadeva (Gitagovindam)

19. Eastern Gangas

1. Kingdom from Ganga to Godavari
2. Major temples: Jagannatha Temple, Puri, Sun Temple, Konark

20. Cultural Shift

1. From Buddhist patronage (Palas) to Hindu temples and literature

21. Deccan and Southern Powers

Chalukyas

1. Western Chalukyas: Capital Kalyani, major Deccan power
2. Eastern Chalukyas: Capital Vengi, later absorbed by Cholas

22. Rise of New Powers

1. Decline of Chalukyas
2. Emergence of Kakatiyas and Hoysalas

23. Kakatiyas

1. Region: Telangana-Andhra Pradesh
2. Capital: Orugallu (Warangal)
3. Architecture: forts, stone toranas, Thousand Pillar Temple
4. Patronised Sanskrit and Telugu literature
5. Strong village administration and efficient revenue system
6. Focus on irrigation and agriculture

24. Hoysalas

1. Capitals: Belur and Halebidu
2. Founder legend: Sala and the tiger
3. King Vishnuvardhana expanded power
4. Flourishing Kannada literature
5. Belur and Halebidu temples are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

25. Chola Dynasty

Rajaraja Chola I

1. Expanded empire to Sri Lanka
2. Built Brihadishvara Temple
3. Supported Buddhism at Nagapattinam

26. Rajendra Chola I

1. Conquered Odisha and Bengal
2. Naval expedition against Shrivijaya
3. Trade relations with China Strengths
4. Powerful navy controlled trade routes

27. Decline

1. Continuous wars with Chalukyas, Pandyas, Sri Lanka
2. Economic strain
3. Absorbed by Pandyas by 13th CE

28. Paramaras : King Bhoja

1. Capital: Dhara
2. Scholar-king and prolific author
3. Works include Samarangana Sutradhara
4. Built Bhojtal & Bhojeshwar Temple
5. Weakened after Bhoja's death (1055)

29. Ghurids

1. Rose after Ghaznavid decline
2. Muhammad Ghuri focused on territorial rule
3. Defeated Prithviraj Chauhan (1192)
4. Qutb-ud-din Aibak founded Delhi Sultanate

30. Administration & Decline

1. Centralised governance
2. Temporary land grants to officers
3. Declined after assassinations in 1206

31. Governance, Trade & Culture

Governance

1. Large armies required more taxation
2. Administrative practices influenced Delhi Sultanate

32. Trade

1. Active trade with China and SE Asia
2. Agriculture backbone: Rice, spices
3. Strong merchant guilds and seaports Cultural Life
4. Temples at Khajuraho
5. Thinkers: Ramanujacharya - bhakti, vishishtadvaita

33. Change and Continuity

Change

1. Turkic invasions and spread of Islam
2. Political restructuring in North India Continuity
3. Cultural and intellectual growth

34. Indian Influence Abroad

1. Angkor Wat reflects Indian temple design and cosmology
2. Indian culture spread through trade to Southeast Asia

35. 598 CE

Brahmagupta was born in Bhillamāla.

36. 985-1014

Reign of Rājarāja Chola I: He expands the Chola Empire and strengthens its naval power.

37. 1000-1008

Mahmūd of Ghazni's campaigns against the Hindu Shāhis: He invades and plunders northern India.

38. 1010-1055

Reign of Paramāra king Bhoja: Bhoja is known for his efficient governance and patronage of the arts.

39. 1014-1044

Reign of Rajendra Chola I: He continues the expansion of the Chola Empire, including naval expeditions.

40. 1025

RājendraChola's naval expedition to Southeast Asia: This expedition showcases the Chola naval prowess.

41. 1026

Mahmūd destroys and plunders the Somnath temple: This event marks a significant moment of conflict and cultural loss.

42. 12th Century

Rise of the Kākatiyas: This dynasty emerges as a powerful force in southern India.

43. 12th Century (1st half)

Construction of Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia: A significant architectural achievement of the Khmer Empire.

44. 1150

Bhāskarāchārya composes Līlāvatī: A notable work in mathematics that influences future generations.

45. 1191

1st Battle of Tarain: Prithvīrāja III defeats Muhammad Ghüri, showcasing Rajput resistance.

46. 1192

2nd Battle of Tarain: Muhammad Ghüri defeats Prithvīrāja III, marking a turning point in Indian history.

47. 1203-04

Bakhtiyār Khilji's campaign in Bengal: He defeats the Sena ruler at Nādiya, ending their control.

48. 1205

Bakhtiyăr Khiljī defeated in Kāmarūpa: Local forces inflict heavy losses on his army.

49. 1206

Deaths of Muhammad Ghuri and Bakhtiyăr Khilji: Both leaders die, leading to shifts in power in northern India.