RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 17 Energy Resources

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 17 Energy Resources

Introduction :

Energy resources are an important basis of all-round development of any country.
In modern industrial age, the resources of power are the basis and indicator of economic development.
In India, energy resources are divided into conventional and non conventional resources.
In conventional energy resources, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro-electricity, thermal energy and atomic energy are included.
In 2011, out of the total electricity produced in India, 64.1% was received from thermal energy (coal), 322% from hydro-electricity, and 3.7% from atomic energy.

Coal :

Coal is called the mother of industry, black gold, and the symbol of power.
India is at the third position among the coal-producing nations after China and United States of America.
On the basis of carbon quantity, coal is categorised into-anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat.
In India, the coal producing states are developed in Gondawana and Tertiary period.
From the production and consumption point of view, the leading coal producing areas are found in the rocks of Gondwana period.
Gondwana period coal is found mainly in Godavari valley, Mahanadi, Damodar and Son river valley.
The tertiary period coal is found in Assam, Meghalaya, Jammu-Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

Petroleum :

It literally means the oil obtained from the rocks.
In India, world’s 0.5% petrol reserves are available.
For the discovery of mineral oil, ONGC was established in 1956.
In major oil producing areas, Bombay High, Basai offshore area, Brahmaputra valley of Assam, Surma valley, Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat state, Surat, Vadodara, Bharuch, Mehsana and ICheda district, Krishna and Godavari basin of Andhra Pradesh and Barmer district of Rajasthan are included.
In India, there are 22 oil refineries, in which 17 belong to public sector, 2 to joint sector and 3 are privately owned.
For the transportation of crude oil, 13 thousand km long and for transportation of petroleum products a total of 7700 km long pipeline has been laid.

Hydroelectricity :

Among all energy forms, electric power is most widely and easily available.
In 2010, in India, the production of hydro-electricity was 164 thousand megawatt.
In country, the production capacity of small hydro-electricity projects is 15 thousand megawatt.
From the point of electricity production capacity, Andhra Pradesh-Telangana, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra and Punjab are the leading states.

Atomic Energy :

In India, for the development of atomic power, atomic energy department was established in 1954.
Amongst, Atomic Power Plants of India, Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (UP), Kakrapar (Gujarat), Kaiga (Karnataka), Rawatbhata (Rajasthan) and Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu) are included.
In India, for the production of atomic power, mainly uranium, thorium, beryllium and ilmenite radioactive elements are used.
In India, 17 atomic reactors are being operated whose production capacity is 4800 megawatt.

Non-Conventional Energy Resources :

Among non-conventional energy resources, solar energy, wind energy, geo-thermal energy tidal energy and bio energy are included.
In India, in 1982, non-conventional energy department, and in 1987, with the help of World Bank. IRDA was established.
Asia’s biggest wind energy production facility capacity of 150 Megawatt has been set up at Muppdal in Tamil Nadu.
In Andhra Pradesh, at Tirupati Balaji temple, world’s biggest cooking system powered by solar energy is working, while at Pilani, in Rajasthan, biggest solar heater is established.
In wind energy production, Tamil Nadu, and in solar energy production, Gujarat states are leaders.
Energy producing projects from waste are working in Tanuku (Andhra Pradesh) Faizabad (UP), Ankleshwar (Gujarat), Muktsar (Punjab) and in Belgaum (Karnataka).

Glossary :

Energy Resource : Those types of resources which provide energy to us called energy Resources.
Resources : Each material found on the earth and other planets, which is useful for man is a resource.
Atomic Energy : Energy or power obtained from the fragmentation of atoms.
Hydro Electricity : The energy produced by turbines which are operated by falling water.
Energy Minerals : These are non-metallic minerals, which have originated from fossils and which produce energy by burning coal, petroleum and natural gas are examples.
Valley : A long and narrow range on ground which has regular and slow slope.
Trade : An economic activity in which goods and services are exchanged.
Ore : A mixture of minerals having high percentage of metallic or non-metallic element which are useful to man.
Mines : Excavated areas in the earth to extract coal, iron-ore, precious stones, etc. are called mines. Excluding open mining, meaning of mine is usually from underground mining.
Import : To bring things or services in a country from foreign countries.
Export : Types of trade in which things are sent to other countries.
Petroleum : Naturally situated in the layers of sedimentary rocks in liquid form.
Sedimentary rock : Rocks formed by the pressure of sediment layers and water on sea basin.
Fault : The crack caused by the movement of tectonic plates of the crust of the earth at large scale.
Gulf or Bay : Sea part surrounded by land on two sides in an arch.
Island : An end extent surrounded by sea or river from all sides, which may be in any ocean, sea, lake or river.
Offshore Area : The area far away from sea coast but in the continental shelf.
Mining : From commercial point of view, an economic activity associated with extraction of minerals from deep beneath the surface of the earth.
Deposits : A scientific word associated with physical fact and neutral stuff. The physical
presence of minerals is called deposits. It does not have functionality. ;
Reserve Stock : It means the presence of minerals under the ground which have been estimated, besides, the estimated quantity is useful.
Transportation : Activity to carry things and people from one place to other place by various modes.
Industry : Work done for economic production. In it, chiefly manufacturing and secondary industries are included.
Traditional Energy Source : Coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic energy are called traditional energy resources. These are non-renewable resources.
Non-traditional Energy Sources : Solar, wind, water, geo-thermal and bio energy are called non-traditional energy resources. These are renewable and provide cheap energy.
Renewable Sources : All those resources which can be re-created through physical, chemical and mechanical process, are called renewable resources, like solar energy, wind energy, etc.
Atomic Energy : The energy obtained from fragmentation of atoms.
Estuary : The mouth of the river where the river water and saline sea water meet and tidal waves remain active.
Solar Energy : The energy obtained from photovoltaic system is called solar energy.
Wind Energy : The energy obtained from windmill.
Biotic Energy : The energy obtained from the use of biomass.
Nuclear Energy : The energy obtained from the use of atomic energy is called nuclear energy.
Continent: A large part of land elevated from sea land and surrounded by oceans.
Population : Number of people living in a region. This word is also used for the number of plants or animals.