RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 19 Industry

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 19 Industry

Industrial Development in India :

Cottage industries had developed in India since ancient time. At that time, in India, cotton clothes, brass utensils, other articles and earthen ware/clay pots were made.
As the country was leading manufacturer of clothes, ornaments, metallic utensils, decorative and luxurious things, in exchange gold from western countries came attracted towards our country. So, India was called ‘The Golden Bird’.
In British period, Indian cottage industries had to bear great loss.
Regarding iron and steel industry, in 1872 at Kulti in Burnpur, a successful effort was made which is working even today at present.
Aluminium industry was established in 1837 at J.IC. Nagar in West Bengal. First unsuccessful attempt of estabhising cement industry was made in 1904 in Chennai. A chemical fertilizer industry was established at Ranipet in Tamil Nadu in 1906.
In 1923, an industrial policy was formed for industrial development.
In 1941, shipyard industry with the name Visakhapatnam Hindustan Shipyard, the first mill of paper industry in serampore (West Bengal) (unsuccessful), later on in 1879 in Lucknow and in 1881 in Titagarh (West Bengal) were established.
Cotton textile industry in 1818 in Fort Glaster (Kolkata) was an unsuccessful attempt, and in 1854, first successful cotton textile mill was established in Mumbai by Dabur.
First mill of woollen clothes was started in Kanpur in 1876 under the name ‘Lai Imli’.
In the middle and after the Second World War due to government conservation, limited development took place in various industries.
After Independence, first industrial policy was declared on 6th April, 1948.
In 1950, National Commission was set up in which through five years plans, multidimensional programmes in the country began.

Iron and Steel Industry :

Iron and steel industry is a basic industry whose products are assistory in making other things.
In ancient India, people knew the art of making advanced iron and steel. Its excellent example is the great Iron Pillar of Ashoka near Qutub Minar, which is 1700 years old.
In India, iron-steel industry was started in 1870 by Bengal Iron Works in Kulti (West Bengal) along with the establishment of a plant.
A modern factory was established by Jamshed Ji Tata in Sakchi [Jamshedpur] in 1907.
In 1974, government established the Steel Authority of India Ltd. [SAIL] and this company was given the responsibility to develop the steel industry.

Raw material, transportation, humid climate, electric supply, expert labour, capital and modern technique etc. are major factors for the localisation of cotton textile industry, o At present, most of the mills of cotton textile are situated in the plains of Ganga and in Southern peninsular region.

With cotton textile industry point of view, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan are important states. Besides these, Punjab, Kerala, Bihar etc. are also other major states, o From India, cotton clothes are exported to more than 50 countries of the world.

Sugar Industry :

This is an agriculture based indsutry. Sugar is produced from sugarcane, o In the form of a large industry, sugar industry developed in 20th century. o 701 sugar mills were established in the country till August 31, 2014. Out of these 334 are in private sector, 43 in public sector and 324 are in the cooperative sector.

In India, 90% of Sugar is produced in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka States. With production point of view, Maharashtra is the leading state of India.
Uttar Pradesh, in 2015-16, is the second largest state of India with production and number of mills point of view.
Sugar industries are being transferred towards South India.

Engineering Industry :

This is a leading and important industry. Under this industry, different types of things are made, such as mixed metals, capital goods, various machinaries, machine tools etc. e In this industry, more capital, transportation facilities, cheap electric power, cheap labour, technical knowledge etc. are major factors of localisation.

Hindustan Machine Tools was founded in 1953 with collaboration of Switzerland,
For making electrical appliances in 1964, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited [BHEL] was founded in public sector.
Automobile industry is known as ‘Sunrise Sector’ of the country,
In India, Scindia Steam Navigation company was founded in 1941, Visakhapatnam, where first ship named ‘Usha’ was made.
Bengaluru is the main center of information technology which is called ‘Silicon Valley’.
Beginning of ‘Make in India programme’ was started on September 25, 2014 which mainly targets in providing momentum to industrial development.

Glossary :

Industry : Changing primary products into useful products/things is called industry.
Cottage Industry : Industries which are run in the houses and hand-made articles are made in such industry.
Export : Kind of a business in which things are sent to other countries.
Import : Receiving goods and services from other countries is called import.
Ore : Natural material dug out from mines in which metalic minerals are obtained.
Port : Place where ships stay and facilities of loading and unloading are there.
Public Sector : Those indsutries whose property is under community or public right, is called public sector, such as- government buildings, schools, iron and steel plants of Bhilai, Durgapur, etc.
Confluence : A place where two or more rivers join each other or one another. The confluence of Ganga and Yamuna is its example.
Trade : An economic activity by which things and services are exchanged.
Private Sector : When a person has ownership on all property, building, wealth, profit and loss etc. of an undertaking, it is called private sector.
Mixed or co-operative sector : When an undertaking is conducted by two or more persons or by a society of co-operative, is called mixed or cooperative sector such as -dairy industry in India.
Agriculture based Industry : The industry which gets raw material from agriculture, such as- jute, sugar, and cotton textile.
Market : The place where sale and purchase or consumption take place widely, freely and competitively is called market. In such places, prices of commodition are supposed to be generally equal to some extent.
Doab : A plain area situated between two rivers, is called doab.
Industrial Policy : National policy regarding industries under which policies are made for industrial development, conservation and for reducing regional imbalance. In India, on April 6, 1948, first Industrial policy was declared.
Second World War : This was fought from 1939 to 1945 between axis countries (Rome- Berlin-Tokyo) and Britain-U.S.A. and USSR.
Regional Imbalance : In different parts of the country, inequality in context to particular factors in special reference is called regional imbalance.
National Planning Commission : Considering planned development, contemporary P.M. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru founded the National Planning Commission in 1950. Nowadays it is known as NITI AAYOG.
Fourth five years plan : Planning Commission tried to make development through planned five years plans. The period of this five year plan was during 1969 to 1974.
Basic Industry : The industries whose products are used by other industries in the form of base product, are basic based industries, such as iron and steel industry.
TISCO : Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited.
IISCO : Indian Iron and Steel Company.
Localisation : For the establishment of any undertaking, the necessary factors required are called its reasons for localisation, such as raw material for industry, capital, electricity, labour, market etc.
Raw Material : Primary products used in any industry are called raw material, such as, for iron steel industry, coal, limestone, manganese etc. are raw material.
Transport : Source carrying goods from one place to other is called transport.
National Steel Policy : On November 2, 2005, National Steel Policy was given approval by government in which emphasis was given to increase steel production.
Bauxite : Aluminium is obtained form this ore material.
BHEL : Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited.
Sunrise Sector : Automobile industry of India is called Sunrise sector.
Silicon Valley : Bengaluru is the main center of information technology industry. It is called Indian Silicon Valley.
Petro-chemical Industry : Industry based on chemicals received from petroleum. In this industry, mineral oil and natural gas are used as raw material, such as fire crackers industry, plastic industry, etc.
Hardware Industries : Industries.making computer and all its parts are called hardware industries.
Software Industries : The group of computer programs is called software. The industries related with it are called software industries.
Make in India Programme : This is the programme announced by present P. M. Narendra Modi. This programme started on December 25, 2014. Its aim is to provide momentum to industrial development.
Communication : The sources through which people exchange information, and ideas are called communication, such as Radio, Newspaper, Telephone and Television etc.