RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 21 Planning in India

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 21 Planning in India

Introduction :

Planning involves preparation for completing a work, creating outline and executing them.
Planning can be of two types : Sectoral planning and regional planning.
India has central planning system and the work of planning has been delegated to the Planning Commission which is presently known as NITI Aayog.
Planning is directly related to long-term economic and social development of the country.

Planning System in India :

Planning Commission

With an amendment passed by Indian government on 15th March 1950, Planning Commission was formed.
It is an advisory and statutory organisation whose chairperson is the Prime Minister.
Development related all projects are controlled and executed by Central and State governments.
In 2015, Central Government changed the name of Planning Commission. Now it is NITI Aayog.

National Development Council :

On 6th August 1952, National Development Council was created as a non-statutory unit.
Its members constitute the prime minister, the council of ministers, the chief ministers of all states and Planning Commission members.
National Development Council coordinates between the NITI Aayog and states for economic planning.

National Planning Council :

This council is created for every project planning work.
This council constitutes of nationally acclaimed engineers, scientists, economists, sociologists and other professionals.

Planning during Five Year Plans :

After Independence, inspired from socialist countries like USSR, India also implemented 5 year plans.
The universal focus of planning is development, modernisation, self sufficiency and social justice.
The cycle of planning started in India with the second five year plan.
Presently, planning is related to economic liberalisation so that international trade, foreign investment, foreign industries can be utilised.

Aims and Achievements of 5 Years Plans :

Planned economic development started in India on 1st April 1951.
India has completed 66 years in economic planning.
Every 5-year plan has some fundamental objectives such as maximum production, complete employment, economic equality and social justice, etc.

Frist Five Year Plan :

Duration of this plan was from 1951-1956.
Priorities : Agriculture and Irrigation was given utmost importance. Apart from this, education, health, medical, social security, etc were also given importance.
This plan was successful in achieving short-term objectives and it rejuvenated almost dead economy of the country.

Second Five Year Plan :

The outline of the plan was prepared by P.C. Mahalanobis, and the duration of this plan was from 1956-61.
Important objectives of this five year plan were rapid industrialisation, development of transportation and communication facilities and development of irrigation as well as electricity supply and production.
In this plan, national income was recorded less than its target and inflation took place during this plan.
However, increase in employment, industrial development and increase in agricultural produce took place.
Third Five Year Plan
Duration of this plan was 1961-66, important objectives of this plan were more dependence on self-driven economy, self dependence in food, industries, transport and telecommunication and development of social services.
Due to foreign attacks, drought and famine, the economic development was slow in this 5 year plan.

Three Annual Plans :

The fourth five year plan could not be started in time due to which three one-year plans were implemented. This is why the period between 1966-69 is called Plan Holiday.
During this period, prices increased, savings and investments decreased, resulting in slow economic development of country.

Fourth Five Year Plan :

Duration of this plan was from 1969-74.
This plan focussed on industrial development, agricultural development and development of transport and communication.
The objectives of this plan were equality, social justice, and upliftment of poor living class.
This plan was unsuccessful in achieving its objectives.

Fifth Five Year Plan :

The objectives of this plan were eradication of poverty and self dependence. Apart from this, industrial development and development of agriculture and transportation were also aimed at.
Communication was also in a progressive state. The duration of this plan was from 1974-79.
During this plan, the economy strengthened. Due to deficit financing in this plan, prices increased.

Sixth Five Year Plan :

Amended Outlay of sixth five year plan was presented in May 1981.
Poverty abolition and reduction of rate of unemployment were priorities of this plan.
This plan boosted Indian economy through an increase in the annual growth rate.

Seventh Five Year Plan :

Duration of this plan was from 1985-90.
The major highlights of these plan were economic development, modernisation, self sufficiency, social justice, overall increase in food grain production, increase in productivity, increase in employment opportunities.
Foreign debt increased. Apart from some deficiencies, this plan was successful in paving path for economic prosperity.
Between 1990-92, two one-year plans were executed.

Eighth Five Year Plan :

Duration of this plan was from 1992-97.
Decentralisation of economic power, programs for poverty alleviation, social justice, economic equality were objectives of this plan.
This plan was successful in achieving its determined objectives. This plan increased the volume of export and helped in controlling inflation.

Ninth Five Year Plan :

Duration of this plan was from 1997-2002.
The main objectives of this plan were-improvement in financial condition, reducing fiscal deficit through long-term policies, increase in exports, reforms in infrastructure, reforms in environmental policies, strengthening Pachayati Raj System.
The plan emphasized on judicious distribution and equal development. Energy and social services sectors were given prime importance.

Tenth Five Year Plan :

Efforts were made to make the tenth five year plan a plan for reforms. Its duration was from the year 2002-2007.
Main objectives of this plan were-increase in employment opportunities, agricultural reforms, upliftment of special classes of the society and population control.
The Energy sector was given utmost importance in this plan, also emphasis was laid on balanced development of the states.
Objectives of a mid-term calculation of this plan was done.

Eleventh Five Year Plan :

The objective of this plan was inclusive and rapid development, and the duration of the plan was 2007-2012.
The plan successfully achieved its objectives and the rate of development during this plan was the highest.

Twelfth Five Year Plan :

The duration of this plan was from 1st April 2012 to 31 March 2017.
The plan laid emphasis on reducing poverty ratio, linking of essential fundamental services, Aadhar card-based banking.

Regional Planning :

Planning process can be single or multi-level. All decisions for one-level planning are taken at national level, whereas in multi-level planning, the country is divided into various regional units, with special plans for every region.
India is a democratic country with federal (infact a Union of States) system. Due to centralised planning, regional inequality has increased. However, diversified and multi-level planning can be a solution answer to this problem.

Regional Imbalance :

India has a long history of regional inequality.
Many scholars have studied the interregional inequalities.
NITI Aayog has declared these reasons for economic backwardness :
(i) Historical neglect
(ii)Physical inconveniences
(iii) Social backwardness.
To reduce regional backwardness, many development programmes were executed. Some of the major programme are-Desert Development Programme, Tribal Development Program, Hill Area Development Programme.

Glossary :

Planning : By analysing economic resources of the country, the resources are implemented according to the requirement of the country. This process is called planning.
Sectoral planning : To create plans for the development of various sectors of the economy is called sectoral planning.
Agriculture : Tilling the field, growing crops, making gardens and rearing of animals is termed as agriculture. It is a science as well as an art.
Irrigation : Providing water artificially to crops, fields, during dry seasons is called irrigation.
Industry : The process of manufacturing and processing to increase the price and utility of goods.
Transport : The process of moving from one place to another, either goods or people, is called transport.
Regional Planning : Using different resources of a particular state for its development by making a well-formed plan is called regional planning.
Poverty : That state of man or a society, where people are unable to fulfil their fundamental requirements etc.
Resource : Any physical thing that is useful for humans is called a resource.
Five-year plan : Taking various aspects of development into consideration for the upcoming five year and creating a plan for it is called five-year plan.
Unemployment : The condition where people wanting to work are unable to find work at the prevailing wage rates.
Inflation : Inflation is a sustained increase in price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Trade : The process of exchange of goods or process of sale and purchase of goods.
Community Development Programme : It is a self-initiative of the people to bring about change in social and economic life of the people.
Minerals : A naturally occurring homogenous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, colour, and hardness.
Drought: Unusual weather conditions where absolutely no or less rainfall is experienced for a period of time. Under this condition, the vegetation on land gets dries up.
Population Growth : The change in population of a specific area during a specific period of time.
Death Ratio : The number of deaths per 1000 people.
Single-level Planning : In single level planning, decisions are taken on national level and regional areas are used to create these decisions.
Multi-level Planning : In multi level planning, the country is divided into different levels and regions, and plans are formulated and executed accordingly.
Regional Imbalances : The difference in development between two different units in a wide-spread region is called regional imbalance.
Bio Diversity : Bio-diversity refers to the variety of life. It is seen in the number of species in an ecosystem or on the entire earth.
Shifting Agriculture : The tribal form of agriculture where agricultural land is obtained by burning down forest patches and farming is done on it until it is fertile and then moving on to the next part of the jungle to repeat the process is called shifting agriculture.
Small and cottage Industry : Small scale industries are those which are engaged in manufacturing, processing or preservation of goods and in which investment plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed ₹ 1 crore whereas cottage industry is that industry whose labour force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipments.
THbes : According to Article 342, of the Indian Constitution, the extremely backward classes who lead extremely low level of life are called tribes, forests dwellers or tribal people.
Desert Development Programme (DDP) : This program was started in 1977-78 and its primary objective is to check the expansion of deserts.
Infant Mortality Rate : In infant mortality rate, the mortality rate of children under the age of 1 year is studied for a specific period of time, it is calculated for every one thousand children born.
Maternal Mortality Rate : In maternal mortality rate, the death of number of mothers during delivery period is calculated for a given period of time.
Panchayati Raj System : This is a decentralisation system. According to this system, gram panchayats are granted more executive powers.
Modernisation : Modernisation is the result of such mentality which believes that society can be changed and that change is desirable.
National Employment Program : National rural employment program was started in the year 1980. Its main objectives were to
increase employment opportunities, building public properties and the upliftment of extremely poor people.
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Under the widespread program of rural development, a co-ordinated rural development program was started in the year 1978-79. Its objective was to raise the living standards of poor families and rural standard of living and also to uplift poor people from poverty line.
Cold War : This was fought between two superpowers without arms and ammunitions, but
Cereal Crops : Those edible grains which are used evidently as food are called cereal crops, such as wheat, rice, millet and Sorghum.
Industrialisation : This is a process of large-scale production through machines which complements labour division and specialisation techniques.
Planning Commission : This is an advisory and statutory organisation. It was established on 15th March 1950 after the special proposal of Indian government. It has now been replaced by an institution named NITI Aayog.
NITI Aayog : National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) or NITI Aayog, is the policy think-tank of government of India, providing both directional and policy inputs. NITI Aayog was formed via a resolution of the union cabinet on January 1, 2015.
Fiscal Policy : Fiscal policy is related to public earnings, public expenditure, public debt. Its main objective is to provide stability with economic development.
Deficit Financing : Deficit financing is the budgetary situation where expenditure is higher than the revenue. It is a practice adopted for financing excess expenditure with outside resources. The expenditure-revenue gap is filled by either printing of currency or through borrowing.
Economic Liberalisation : Economic liberalisation is the lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private entities.
Public Sector : That sector which is related to the public is called public sector such as education, health, drinking water and housing.
Monetary Policy : The real meaning of monetary policy is to manage the flow of currency for the achievement of defined purpose.
Exchange Rate : The rate at which the currency of one country can be changed to another currency of the country in a fixed period of time is called exchange rate. It can be defined as the change of currency of one country into currency of another country.