RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 22 Planning and Sustainable Development

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 22 Planning and Sustainable Development

Poverty :

Poverty is a curse which is the indicator of hunger, mainourishment, low living standard, dismal education and low level of human development.
The chief and the only objective of economic development is the abolition of poverty.
In the year 2004-05, 32.63 crore population in rural areas was living below the poverty line.

Development and Planning :

In India, concrete efforts have been made for rural development and reconstruction since we got Independence.
The chief objective of community development program is to make improvement in traditional lifestyle, equity to rural society and to provide cheap and easy justice to them.

Poverty :

The first director of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Lord Boyd Orr, represented the concept of poverty line in 1945.
Poverty is a geographical and social dimension. Which shows lack of development or meagre-development and backwardness.
The poverty in a society or country is measured on the basis of minimum calories of consumption and the expenditure per person per month.
According to Rangarajan Committee 36.30 per cent of total population in India is living below poverty line.

Poverty Alleviation Employment Program :

The several programs for rural area development and poverty eradication are being implemented in India.

The leading programs are :

Training of rural youth for self-employment (TRYSEM)
Integrated Rural Development Program (IRD)
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY)
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
District Poverty Initiative Project (DPIP)
Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
Ganga Kalyan Yojana
The National Social Assistance Program
Annapurna Yojana
Antyodaya Anna Yojana
Swarna Jayanti Gram-Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY)
Sampurna Gramin Rojgar Yojana
Kaam Ke Badle Anaaj Yojana (Food for Work Program), etc.

Planning and Sustainable Development :

At present, some programs aiming at in removing poverty are also being run in the country:

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Rain Water Harvesting Development Program
2,0 Point Program.
Rashtriya Gramin Aajivika Mission
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana etc.

Mahatma Gandhi NationaLRural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGA) :

MNREGA Act was notified on 5 Sep, 2005.
India is the first country in the world who notified an Act-like MNREGA as a guarantee of employment in rural areas and to initiate an effective step for removal of poverty,
MNREGA provides unskilled work for rural population for at least 150 days in a year.
It ensures complete openness and ownership in governance.
Formation of rural assests of utility.
It plays an important role to strenghthen the panchayat raj institutions, o It ensures sustainable development by developing natural resources of land and water, o During the year 2014-15, under MNREGA ,48 crore people were employed for 100 working days.

Major Rules of MNREGA :

The act provides a legal right to employment for adult members of all rural households, o At least one-third beneficiaries have to be women.
Under MNREGA Act, machines cannot be employed in place of humans, o There is no provision for reservation for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in this Act.
The funding is shared between the centre and the states governments.
MNREGA is a demand-based program, under which water harvesting, forestry, plantation, land development, flood control, road-construction are included.

Role of MNREGA In India :

In the central budget 2014-15 ₹ 33000 crore were allocated for MNREGA.
At the country level, per capita wages were increased to ₹ 181 in 2015. o Due to MNREGA, purchasing power of agricultural labourers has increased. The wages in the private sector have also increased.

AIMS and Objectives of MNREGA :

Primary objective of MNREGA is to guarantee 100 days of wage employment per year to rural households.
It aims at addressing the causes of chronic poverty through the works (projects) that are undertaken, and thus ensuring sustainable development, o There is an emphasis on strengthening the process of decentralisation by providing a significant role to Panchayati Raj Institutions in planning and implementing these works.

Effective Changes of MNREGA in India :

India is the only country in the world, who provides legal right of getting employment to the rural population through MNREGA.
MNREGA makes available employment only in rural areas.
Such employment-based programs like MNREGA are also operating in flood affected and inaccessible hilly areas.
MNREGA is also co-operating in development of communication, medical, education and the tasks of re-construction.
Many other new facilitating programs have been attached to MNREGA.
By virtue of MNREGA, other than the chance of getting alternative jobs, wages of workers .have also increased.

Sustainable Development: Traditional and Modern View :

The word “sustainable development” was used for the first time in “Brundtland Commission Report, 1987.”
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Concept of Sustainable Development :

The concept of sustainable Development is the maintenance and sustainable utilization of the resources (goods and services) provided by natural ecosystem and resources.
The first seminar on Sustainable Development was held in Rio-De-Janeiro (Brazil) in 1992 in which 178 countries participated.
The second Earth Summit was held in New York in June 1997 and the third one in the Johannesburg, the capital of South Africa, in August 2002.
In third summit, all countries came to the agreement that for sustainable development 10-point programme will be formed and followed.

Modern View of Sustainable Development :

At present, due to increasing global population, high living standard, increasing human needs and the invention of new technology, natural resources are being rapidly exploited.
The problems like climate change and global warming are increasing day by day which enhance the possibilities of different types of disasters taking place.
A rapid change in climate may be the cause for the extinction of several species.
Natural resources are limited, so their consumption must be proper and according to a sustained plan.
India has ensured its determination to take every possible step towards it as its remedy and has reaffirmed its commitments to link with the problem of climate change in United Nations Climate Change Conference held in December 2015).
By extensive use of solar and wind energy, a great deal of jobs may be created and the process of climate change and global warming may be controlled.
India promotes use of renewable energy sources and opposes the use of traditional sources of energy i.e., fossil energy.
Sustainable development can be encouraged by the development of environment
friendly technology, ecological balance, environment conservation, public participation and the effective role of government and non-government organisations.

Glossary :

Planning : The act or process of making or carrying out plans, specially the establishment of goals, policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.
Poverty : Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks financial resources and essential facilities to enjoy a minimum standard of life and well-being that is considered desirable in society.
Malnutrtion : Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat.
Community Development Program : Community development program is an effort made by the people living in the same geographic region for bringing social and economic change in their life.
Poverty Line or Below Poverty Line : The official level of income that is needed to achieve a basic living standard with enough money for things such as food, clothing and a place to live in. According to Planning Commission, every person who gets less than 2,400 calories of food per day in rural area and 2,100 in urban area is said to be living below the poverty line.
Developing Countries : Countries, that are less developed economically than most others with little industries and little money spent on education, healthcare, etc. are called developing countries. These countries have enough resources but least amount to spend and backward technology.
Absolute Poverty : A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, pure drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.
Relative Poverty : Relative poverty is the condition in which people lack minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain average standard of living in the society in which they live.
TRYSEM : Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment is a program implemented by central government which was started on 15 August 1979.
IRDP : It is called Integrated Rural Development Program and it was started in the year 1978-79.
Jawahar Rojgar Yojana (JRY) : It was started in the year of 1989-90. Its main objective is to create employment opportunities in rural areas.
District Poverty Initiative Project (DPIP) : District Poverty Alleviation Project was started on 22nd July 2000 with the help of World Bank.
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) : It is a mission related to health of rural population and was started on 30th May, 2005.
Sampurna Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) : It is a combined form of employment guarantee plan and Jawahar rural development program which was started in September 2001.
Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) : It is a combined plan of 6 earlier operated Development plans. It was started on 1st April 1999.
MNREGA : Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was notified on 5th September 2005. It provides guarantee of employment in rural areas and to make an effort for eradicating poverty.
Unemployment : It is a situation of activity looking for employment but not being currently employed.
Unemployment Allowance : It is a government welfare program where employable people who are currently unemployed for no fault of their own, receive a stipend while they are looking for a job.
Agricultural Labourer : A person who works in another person’s land for wages in cash or kind.
Wages : A fixed regular payment earned in exchange for work or services, typically paid on a daily or weekly basis.
Natural Resources : Materials or substances occurring in nature which can be utilized for a|fc>nomic gain are called natural resources.
Cottage Industry : An industry whose labour force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their own equipment.
Small-scale Industry : Small scale undertakings are those which are engaged in manufacturing, processing or preservation of goods and in which investment in plant and machinery (original cost) does not exceed ₹ 1 crore.
Sustainable Development : Development with sustainability that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Resource Conservation : Preservation or restoration of resources from loss, damage or neglect.
Innovation : An innovation is a new thing or a new method of doing something.
Agenda : It was the global plan adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment as a comprehensive program of action to be implemented “from now and into the twenty first century” by Governments, development agencies, United Nations Organisation and Independent groups.
Environmental Degradation : Environmental degradation is the deterioration of environment, through depletion of ecosystem and the extinction of wildlife.
Ecological Balance : A state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms, in which genetic species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable, subject to gradual changes through natural succession.
Climate Change : A long term change in the climate of the earth, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature and glowing accumulation of greenhouse gases.
Global Warming : A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the atmosphere of the earth generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs and other pollutants.
Green House Gases : Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases.
Landslides : The unsualy rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth or artificial fill on a slope or hills.
Tsunami : A large wave on the ocean, usually caused by an undersea earthquake, a volcanic eruption or coastal landslide.