RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 5 Population Migration and Human Development

Rajasthan Board RBSE Class 12 Geography Notes Chapter 5 Population Migration and Human Development

Introduction :

Mobility has been a fundamental characteristic of population in every stage of human development.
Human has been migrating from one place to another place since ancient period.
The causes of human migration may be natural, social, economic and political.
Migration is a type of geographical or spatial settlement, which is seen between two different geographical units.

Types of Migration :

Migration is divided into two parts : Emigration and immigration. When people move to another place, it is called emigration and when people enter into another region after leaving their own area, it is called immigration.
Most of emigration has been seen from Europe towards North or South America, while Britain, Germany, Italy and France are the countries of the most immigration.

Aspects of Human Migration :

The study of human migration is based on several aspects like, migration region, time period, number of migrated population, their age, sex, religion, race, etc.
There are five aspects of every human migration – country aspect, time aspect, cause aspect, number of population aspect and stability aspect.
Mainly, there are two types of migration : international and internal.

International Migration :

The migration from one continent to another continent or from one country to another country in the world is called international migration.
International migration is mainly witnessed in the European and the Asian countries.
From European countries, migration has taken place to tropical climate zones and temperate zones.
In Asian countries, migration is mainly racial. In Asia, migration is done mainly for religious reasons or for employment.

Internal Migration :

Migration inside the country from one state to another state or from one city to another city is called internal migration.
Internal migration has been divided into two parts : Inter-state migration and spatial migration.
After Russian Revolution in 1917, a large number of people migrated from rural areas to urban regions. It is a classic example of internal migration.

Effects of Migration :

Migration has several effects, i.e., demographic, social, economic and environmental.
Imbalance in population is the result of demographic effects. The change in the culture and customs is the result of socio-cultural effects. Economic effects change the conditions of employment into unemployment, and the pressure on natural resources is the result of environmental effects.

Concept of Human Development :

Development is a multifaceted concept which includes economic, social, cultural, political, institutional and psychological aspects.
Under human development, effort is made to perform human welfare and to improve the quality of life.
The famous economist Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof. Amartya Sen had presented the concept of human development.
The cognition of human development is based on the concepts of equity, perpetual sustainability, productivity and empowerment.

Human Development Index :

Human Development Index is published by the United Nations Development Programme.
Human development is a process of the development of life options and a rise in the level of human welfare.
In the 2013 human development report, human development index was calculated in 186 countries.
According to Human Development Report 2013, human development in 47 countries was super high, in 47 countries it was high, in another 47 countries it was medium and in other 35 countries human development was low.
Norway and Australia were at the top in human development index, while Chad, Congo and Mali stood at the bottom.
Human Development Index in India
India is included art the medium human development index category. It stands at the 138th place in the world.
Kerala is the leading state in India, with a human development index of 0.700.
The high literacy rate in Kerala makes it the leading state in India in context to human development index.

Glossary:

Population: The number of dwelling persons in a region is called its population.
Migration : An individual or group movement of persons, animals, birds, and other living beings from one region to another region temporarily or permanently is called migration.
Human Development : The process of extending people’s freedom and opportunities and improving their well-being.
Emigration : The act of leaving one’s own country to settle permanently or temporarily in another, moving abroad.
Immigration : The process of coming to live permanently or temporarily in a foreign country.
Race : The group of people of common ancestry, distinguished from others by physical characteristics, such as hair type, color of eyes and skin, structure, etc.
Intercontinental Migration : The process of moving from one continent to another continent is called intercontinental migration.
International Migration : The process of movement of a person or group from one political unit to another political unit or from a country to another country.
Inter – state Migration : The process of movement between two states within a country.
Emigrant: The person who leaves his own motherland to reside in any other region.
Immigrant : A person who comes to live in a foreign country.
Continent : A very large area of land which is surrounded by oceans.
Resources : Every natural material which is found on the earth’s surface or a planet or a satellite and useful for humans is called resources.
Tropical zone: The part of the earth’s surface between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn with a hot, humid climate.
Temperate Zone: The area or region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle or between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle.
Climate : Climate means the usual conditions of temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in an area of the earth’s surface for a long time.
Agriculture : The process of cultivating crops from the soil.
National Migration : The process of movement of the persons inside a country from one state to another state.
Industry : Any work done for economic production.
Minerals : A naturally occurring inorganic substance with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal structure.
Trade : An economic activity in which exchange or transfer of goods and services takes place.
Unemployment : Unemployment is a state wherein a capable person of working age and keen to do paid work is not able to get a job.
Poverty : Such economic condition of human life in which someone is unable to fulfill one’s fundamental daily needs.
Sustainability : Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Literacy : The total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write along with understanding.